ATOM_5_QUARKS

._In physics, a quark is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. There are several quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom, and several leptons: electron neutrino, muon, and tauon.

._In the AV model, there are no quarks or leptons. The difference lies in the basic definition of an atom. In physics, the atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. In the AV model, there are just Shells within Shells. The three sizes are: normal, small and smallest, or atom, neutron, and subneutron. Each Shell comprises fields spinning at the speed of light so as to become self-locking. For example, the north and south poles of the magnetic fields are at the same place at the same time.

._Let’s start by smashing two atoms together. In physics, this means smashing two nuclei at high speeds to produce the quarks. In the AV model, the two normal Shells hit and unSpin, i.e., explode. The first happening is the conversion to Space. Although the two nuclei are only the diameter of a Shell apart, there is a thick wall of Space between them. It is like turning a corner and walking into a fifty mph wind. The neutrons which were traveling towards each other at the same high speed now slow as they move through the thick Space. This Space moves outward like a shock wave and is not visible to an observer or any photograph of the explosion.

._Along with this explosion is the conversion of the two Shells to other fields. Gravity, for example, continues its inward progress to the available mass centers. Its only affect appears to be the pushing of the neutrons and subneutrons into other Shells. If they are the Shells which are emitting photons, they soon disappear.

._Ray is the next field of interest. It would fire at each of the mass centers and convert to another field. It would produce many photons that a photograph could detect and many others that would go undetected. It would also convert to Linear motion at each of these mass centers and move them away from the center of the explosion. This would certainly slow the neutrons in the nuclei so that they would not hit each other with enough force to cause them to unSpin. These opposing Linear motion fields would also probably convert to Ray. The neutrons that were originally in orbit about the center of mass of their atom would continue their motion toward the center of the explosion, miss all other neutrons, and move away in an arc. Ray is not visible, but it could pass through the mass centers and produce a magnetic field of short life which could be detected. Ray would also hit any photographic plate or detection device.

._The other undetected fields would be Kone, Electro, Spin and subneutrons. Fields producing the EM spectrum might be detected, but those producing the Dark Light (DL) spectrum would not.

._The subneutrons are a special case. They may or may not be in the neutrons or even inside the colliding Shells. Remember, a neutron inside a Hydrogen atom may in fact be a subHydrogen atom or a suboxygen atom. The combinations are endless. A free subneutron would act like a free neutron. It could also emit photons before it disappeared inside another Shell.

._In physics, the experimenter is probably looking at a photograph of the explosion and trying to imagine what happened. There would be no limit to his imagination or the creation of new pieces of matter. It would be like making predictions from the northern lights. In the AV model, there is the field of Space and ten other fields. They would allow many combinations, but one cannot add any new matter. Given a choice, one should side with Ockham's razor and go with the AV model.

ATOM_4_PARTICLES

The author mentions four elementary particles: the neutron, the proton, the electron, and the photon. In the AV model, the neutron is a small Shell. The proton is a neutron with what appears to have a positive charged disturbance on it. The electron is a disturbance on a normal Shell or atom and appears negative. The photon is a point about which the fields of Spin and Ray exist. Streams of photons produce the electromagnetic spectrum (EM). In physics, a baryon is a combination of two or more neutrons and protons. They lump together the electron and photon as leptons because they have little mass. In the AV model, they have no mass. The AV model restricts mass to the center of a Shell. This is not the case in physics. It seems for something to exist it must have a mass.

The author says the neutron is unstable. If all by itself, it would become a proton and an electron. In the AV model, a free neutron is the same as a normal Shell or atom only smaller. Gravity acts on it and moves it to another mass center. It can enter a normal Shell and become part of its nuclei. This may result in an electron and a proton, but the neutron is not an unstable particle.

The positron or anti-electron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. Positrons were discovered in 1932 by Carl D. anderson, who gave the positron its name. The positron was the first evidence of antimatter and was discovered by passing cosmic rays through a cloud chamber and a lead plate surrounded by a magnet to distinguish the particles by bending differently charged particles in different directions. This anti-electron led to anti-matter to an anti-universe.

There is no anti-matter in the AV model. The word ‘universe’ means one not two or more. So, what was Anderson looking at in his cloud chamber? To answer this question, it is first necessary to talk about electricity in a wire. When Ray moves though a wire, it moves from mass center to mass center. At each center, it converts to the Magno field and then back to Ray. The north pole of the magnetic field is in the direction Ray is moving. The magnetic field acts a catalyst. The same conversions happen in the cloud chamber. However, the cloud chamber is not uniform in its structure as a copper wire. The cloud chamber is full of water molecules plus Oxygen and Nitrogen. And as mentioned above, a water molecule can be of any configuration. One of which is a straight line configuration of Hydrogen-Oxygen-Hydrogen (HOH). Another configuration is a triangle where the two Hydrogen atoms touch each other.

The source of the cosmic rays in Anderson’s experiment is not important because we are interested in Ray which he never knew existed. So, in this first example, Ray moves in a straight line from center to center especially in the Oxygen atoms which have the most neutrons. As Ray moves, each water molecule becomes a small weak magnet pointing north in the direction of Ray. This causes it to move slightly to the south pole of the main magnet in the experiment. There is also a small conversion to photons of light so the experimenter can see the curved path of Ray.

In the second example, Ray moves in a straight line from center to center in the Hydrogen atoms. In each triangular water molecule, Ray also loops clockwise through the Oxygen atom on the right. This results in a magnetic south pole pointing in the direction Ray is traveling. This also causes it to move slightly to the north pole of the main magnet in the experiment.

The author also talks about protons and antiprotons where the antiprotons have a negative charge. In the AV model, this means the proton has a Ray leaving the neutron. The viewer is on the side of Ray which makes the disturbance appear positive. If the Ray is weak and only converts to Space, The viewer is on the bottom side of Ray which makes the disturbance appear negative.

As for the neutrino, the author mentions that Wolfgang Pauli suggested the existence of the neutrino and Enrico Fermi worked out a detailed theory of the neutrino production to save the conservation laws. In 1953 Clyde L. Cowan, Jr. and Frederick Reines sat up an experiment and detected the antineutrino. Their view of the neutrino was that it was uncharged, massless, and traveled at the speed of light. Today in physics, neutrinos have a minuscule, but nonzero mass and there are three types.

In the AV model, Ray has no mass. Actually, we live in a sea of Rays. Rays are of different lengths depending on their energy. As Ray moves into deep Space, the points which comprise a Ray fade into the points of the expanding Space.

ATOM_3_FORCES

. There are four fundamental interactions in particle physics: Strong, Gravitation, the electromagnetic force, and the weak interaction. It should be understood that in the AV model, there is no force per se. There are just fields converting to other fields as everything converts to Space. Force is a human term used to describe a move of something or of work. Newton’s laws help define local motions, e.g., F=ma, Force equals mass times acceleration.

. Gravitation is the natural phenomenon of attraction between massive bodies. In the AV model, unopposed incoming lines of Gravity convert to Linear motion at a center of mass, i.e., a Shell’s center, and move the mass in the direction of the incoming lines of Gravity. Gravity is a compressive force. There is no attraction or action at a distance. It just appears that way.

. A stronger attractive force was postulated to explain how the atomic nucleus was bound together despite the protons' mutual electromagnetic repulsion. This hypothesized force was called the strong force, which was believed to be a fundamental force that acted on the nucleons (the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus). Experiments suggested that this force bound protons and neutrons together with equal strength. The key here is electromagnetic repulsion.

. In physics, electromotive force, or most commonly emf or volts is that which tends to cause current (actual electrons and ions) to flow. In the AV model, there are no electrons and no flow. If one moves a copper wire across magnetic lines, then Linear motion converts to Ray which moves along the wire and one has an electric generator. If one sends Ray through a copper wire in a magnetic field, then Ray converts to Linear motion and one has an electric motor. So, electromotive force is different from electromagnetic repulsion.

. In physics, electromagnetism is the electromagnetic field, a field that exerts a force on particles with the property of electric charge and is reciprocally affected by the presence and motion of such particles. The key here is electric charge.

. In physics, the electric charge on a body may be positive or negative. Two positively charged bodies experience a mutual repulsive force, as do two negatively charged bodies. A positively charged body and a negatively charged body experience an attractive force. The key here is electric charge.

. In physics, the positive electric charge is carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron. Again, in the AV model, there is no electron per se. At the center of a Shell, incoming opposing lines of Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space. A small amount of this incoming Gravity converts to Ray. This appears to be a leftover from the compression period. This small Ray moves to the surface of the Shell and creates a disturbance as it converts to Space. This disturbance is what one calls an electron. As Ray rotates inside the Shell, the electron appears to be in an orbit. To a human, this electron appears negative because Ray is on the other side. On a small Shell or neutron in the normal Shell, the disturbance appears positive because Ray is on the same side as the viewer.

. In physics, it is possible to rub amber or glass to obtain an electrical charge and demonstrate the effect of the charge by touching an electrometer and seeing the foils separate. How is this possible in the AV model?

. The AV model has the small Shells or neutrons in orbit about the center of a normal Shell instead of piled up in the center. Given an atom or normal Shell in room like conditions, some neutrons will be in orbit. Let’s say rubbing the atom converts Linear motion to Ray which converts to Spin in the neutrons and their orbit grows larger along with their rotation rate. The Ray coming from the center of the atom passes through these neutrons to produce the orbiting electron. The number of these electrons appears to have increased, and they are moving faster in their orbits. The viewer says the object containing the atoms has a negative electric charge. The opposite is also true. The orbital energy decreases and a neutron could even drop into the center.

. Let’s now move to the electrometer and touch the top with our negatively charged probe. In this case, the extra energy moves into the atoms as Ray and turns each leaf into a magnet. The incoming Gravity tries to move them apart at the top but this is impossible. This Gravity converts to Linear motion and tries to level the leaves, and they appear to move apart. Think of sitting on a bridge with a twenty foot 2x4 piece of wood hanging down. Now hold the end and try to rotate the 2x4 upward to the horizontal position. It becomes harder to rotate the 2x4 as its center of gravity moves away from your vertical position.

. Which interpretation is correct? Well, it is easy to test. Let the leaves in the electrometer hang straight down with no charge on them. Place a compass on each side of the leaves and again touch the top with the charged probe. The compass needles will turn as appropriate.

. Let’s now return to the strong force. Without the electromagnetic repulsion, there is no strong force. So, what is it that holds the neutrons and protons together? Look at the above Helium atom. Neutrons are pinning the normal Shells together. How this is done is unknown. Dropping down a level, it is possible to have subneutrons pinning the protons and neutrons together. Another possible way is just to have the small Shells interlock on each other.

. The weak interaction changes one flavor of quark into another. This is not in the AV model.

ATOM_2_NEUTRINO

In his introduction, author Asimov asks, “What is the universe made of? What governs its workings? What is its purpose?” The AV model says our physical universe is made of ideas. Laws govern its workings. Its purpose is to teach its illogical students how to reason logically.

Is this true? Well, everything we know passes through our minds. A mind is not physical, and it cannot interface with that which most people called physical. Does it make any difference? Yes, the author talks of an atomic nucleus. It appears scientists lump everything into a pile in an atom. However, they do not explain how a pile of protons and neutrons can produce a magnetic field in Iron but not in other elements. As seen in the above AV model diagram of a Iron atom, it is easy to arrange the neutrons to produce a magnetic field.

The author talks of a nothing-particle called a neutrino. At first, scientists thought it was a myth, but it turned out to exist. In the AV model, Ray is the neutrino. This means we are talking about different things.

The author talks about the conservation of angular momentum, and the AV model provides a general view. During the compression period before the Big Bang, Space was converting to Shells and Spin. This Spin pertained to all three sizes of Shells. The Shells rotated in the same direction, and the centrifugal force was enormous. However, there was no space for the Shells to expand into. After the Big Bang, many Shells reconverted to Space in a spherical form. This provided the needed space, and a massive explosion occurred. The further an object moves from the center, the slower it rotates. Our sun is no exception. The free neutrons moving deeper into the sun produced eight planets. The free subneutrons in the sun produced two large planets. They all rotate as does our sun. The author mentions that Uranus doesn’t rotate like the other planets. Its axis of rotation seems to be in its orbit about the sun. It may be that a free neutron explosion in Saturn created the planet Pluto. On Pluto’s way into orbit, it glanced off Uranus as it went deeper into space while Uranus changed its axis of rotation.

The author talks about a closed energy system, and the AV model is a closed system. From The Universe, our physical universe is zero in size. From inside, our physical universe appears to be expanding and looks infinite in size. However, it does not expand into anything because ideas are not physical.

When Michelson and Morley failed to detect an Ether field in 1887, everyone assumed space was a void. So, the author asks, “Will energy be conserved under the conditions of the vacuum of outer space, a region far more empty of matter than anything we can reproduce on Earth?” This is the biggest difference between the models of most scientists and the AV model. In the AV model, Space is the main spherical field, and space is a large 3D volume.

Given that the field of Space is a set of points, i.e., the ideas of positions, one can say there is no mass in our physical universe. We have points called the centers of Gravity which we call mass centers. They are points where one field converts to another field. The term mass pertains to a collection of these centers or points.

To better understand this concept of mass, think of a photon. A photon is a point associated with the fields Spin and Ray. That is, a fixed amount of Ray rotates perpendicular to the direction of travel. However, Ray does not rotate like a stick. It converts to the Electro and Magno fields. In these fields, Ray is the amplitude, and Spin is the frequency. A stream of photons produce what is known as an electromagnetic wave. The photons range over our electromagnetic spectrum and include radio waves, visible light and gamma rays to name a few. Now, each photon represents a small amount of energy. So, using a mass-energy equation, one can assign a mass to a photon. Einstein did this and predicted gravity would bend light. Sir Arthur Eddington conducted an experiment to prove this bending of light by gravity. No one thought the Space generated by the sun was pushing the starlight. Is Einstein right?

Well, the author provides the following footnote. “In a transparent medium other than a vacuum, photons travel at lesser velocities. Even air slows them down very slightly. When photons leave a transparent medium, however, and enter vacuum again, their velocity accelerates at once to 3x10 to the tenth power cm/sec once more” Assume the author is correct. What is the source of the energy that accelerates each photon mass instantly to the speed of light? Obviously, there is no such source of energy. In the AV model, a photon has no mass. It originates on the surface of a small Shell and rides the expanding sphere of Space. Likewise, after leaving a transparent medium, the photon rides an expanding sphere of Space. Remember, inward flowing opposing radial lines of Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space at all mass centers such as those in a transparent medium. Ergo, Einstein was wrong about why but not what.

Gravity is another significant difference. Most scientists think gravity is an attractive force. In the AV model, Gravity is a compressive force. Points at the limit or surface of Space convert to inward flowing lines of Gravity and create the radial field of Gravity. Again, Einstein came up with a different view of space-time and gravity to fit the void of space that only a math major could understand. As for quantum gravity, think about this. In the AV model, there are lines of Gravity. Each line comprises a set of points. However, it doesn’t seem possible for a human to divide a line into a point. It sounds like physicists are trying to reach the starting point for the AV model which seems impossible.

ATOM_1_EXAMPLES

___Hydrogen (H 1) comprises a normal Shell containing a neutron, i.e., a small Shell. Incoming opposing lines of Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space at a Shell’s center. However, a small amount Gravity converts to Ray. Ray is a one dimensional field. Ray moves to the surface and creates a local disturbance before moving into Space. This local disturbance is an electron. As Ray rotates, it gives the impression the electron is in orbit. The electron appears negative because humans are on the opposite side of Ray. Likewise, the neutron appears positive and becomes a protron because humans are on the same side as Ray.
As shown, there are two mass centers. However, when they are co-located, they count as one. The average is 1.00797 which is its atomic weight. Incoming energy like Ray can convert to Linear motion at a mass center and move the neutron off center and Gravity will restore it. See Deuterium.
___Hydrogen molecule – The interlocking fields which define a Shell are rotating at the speed of light. However, to each other, they may be in sync. In this case, they can act like weak magnets and attract each other so their fields mesh as one. This makes for an unpinned intersection and the unit is a molecule.


___Deuterium – Heavy Hydrogen is a Hydrogen atom with an extra neutron in orbit about the center. Thus there are three mass centers, but two are co-located to give an average of 2.0141 which is its atomic weight. In some cases, the two neutrons may be at the center and form a subHydrogen molecule, or both could be in orbit. See Helium.
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___Helium (He 2) comprises two Deuterium atoms. This occurs in the sun where Gravity compresses all atoms. When two normal Shells cannot move due to this compression, they unSpin. That is, they explode and reconvert to Space and other fields. This explosion forces the two free neutrons into other Hydrogen atoms to form two Deuterium atoms. The compression then forces these Deuterium atoms together to form Helium. The two neutrons in orbit give up their orbital energy and reside in the intersection. This produces a pinned intersection and a new element, i.e., Helium, with an atomic weight of 4.0026. Their interlocking fields make it difficult for Helium to unite with other normal Shells. See Neon.

___Lithium (Li 3) is a normal Shell containing six neutrons which form a gyroscope. There are four neutrons in orbit and the axis of rotation contains two neutrons plus the center of mass of the normal Shell. The length of this axis is very short and one neutron often resides at the normal Shell’s center which reduces the count of the centers of mass to less than seven. Its atomic weight is 6.939. See Iron.




___Beryllium (Be 4) is a normal Shell containing eight neutrons in orbit and one neutron co-located at the center. This center neutron seldom moves which gives an atomic weight of 9.01218.
See Boron and Neon.

___Boron (B 5) looks like Beryllium but with nine neutrons in orbit to give it an atomic weight of 10.18.
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-___Carbon (C 6) comprises six Deuterium atoms in a ring and is thus a member of the Hydrogen family. There are eighteen mass centers but six are co-located so the count is 12 which is its atomic weight. The six neutrons are no longer in orbit. They now exist, one each, in each of the six intersections and pin the normal Shells together. If one arranges four Shells in a horizontal plane with one on top and one on the bottom and presses them together, one has a diamond. If one bends the ring, one has amorphous carbon. See Oxygen.
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___Carbon Dioxide – Assume a vertical Carbon ring with an Oxygen atom on each side. Each Oxygen atom converts the orbiting energy of six of its neutrons to Ray which is known as heat. These six neutrons pin the Oxygen atom to the Carbon atom at their six intersections. See Oxygen.






___Nitrogen (N 7) comprises a normal Shell which contains thirteen neutrons in two orbits and one neutron co-located at the center of the normal Shell. See Oxygen. There are eight neutrons in the outer orbit and five in the inner orbit. This gives an atomic weight of 14.0067.

___Oxygen (O 8) comprises a normal Shell which contains fifteen neutrons. Eight neutrons are in an outer orbit and six are in an inner orbit. The last neutron bobs in and out of the mass center of the normal Shell. This makes the average count less than sixteen which gives it its atomic weight 15.9994. See Carbon dioxide.

___Water comprises three normal Shells; two are Hydrogen atoms and the middle one is an Oxygen atom. They can be in almost any arrangement from a straight line to a triangle. All three Shells can make unpinned intersections with other Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms. This enables them to make a thin coat of molecules on the top of a glass of water and no two snowflakes are alike.

___Fluorine (F 9) comprises a normal Shell which has three orbits. There are eight neutrons in the outer orbit, six neutrons in the middle orbit, and four neutrons in the inner orbit. The last neutrons bobs in and out of the mass center of the normal Shell. This makes the average count of mass centers less than nineteen which gives it its atomic weight 18.998403. See Oxygen.

___Neon (Ne 10) has two normal Shells pinned together with two neutrons in their intersection. Each Shell contains nine neutrons. Eight neutrons are in orbit and one is co-located at the center of the normal Shell. This gives an atomic weight 20.179. Neon looks like two Beryllium atoms pinned together.

___Sodium (Na 11) looks like a Neon atom but with nine orbiting neutrons in each normal Shell to give it its atomic weight of 22.98977.

___ Iron (Fe 26) comprises four Lithium atoms. There is a gyro in each of the four normal Shells and a gyro in each of the four intersections. There is a center of gravity in each of the four normal Shells and in each of the fifty-two neutrons for a total of fifty-six. Again, there is usually an axial neutron in one of the centers of gravity in the normal Shells. Thus the total count is less than fifty-six which gives an atomic weight of 55.847.
___These centers of gravity convert all incoming energy to Rays which exit in all directions. Assume for the moment that all four normal Shells are in a horizontal plane. When the gyros are so aligned, the Rays go to the geometric center of the Iron atom. Opposing Rays convert to Magno. The lines of Magno move upward and circle around to come into the bottom of the Iron atom and reconvert to Ray which leaves the top of the atom which is its North Pole. Hitting this small magnet disorients the gyros, and it loses some of its magnetic strength.

At this point, the reader can build his/her own atoms.

ATOM _0_DEFINITION

The AV model is a theory of everything. It covers Gods, our physical universe, which cycles from one Big Bang to the next, and life itself. To extend its coverage, these next articles will go inside the atom. While this is all logical guess work, it is guided in part by Issac Asimov’s book ‘The Neutrino’ and articles in Wikipedia.

The intent here is to use only the ideas in the AV model to explain what is happening in the world of particle physics. The ideas or fields in the AV model are: Space, Gravity, Ray, Kone, Electro, Magno, Spin, Shell, and Linear motion. There are three sizes of Shells: Normal, Small, and Smallest. These are known as Atom, Neutron, and subNeutron or Black Hole. Thus, there is the field of Space and ten other fields. These ten fields convert from one form to another with a small amount converting back to Space. We say entropy increases. Even though we are in an expansion period of a Big Bang cycle, local fields tend toward stability.

Our physical universe is a school and a teacher. Its purpose is to teach us how to reason logically. To do this, one must consider the event under examination, the instruments used to examine the event, and the interpretation of the results.

Let’s start with a definition of an atom.

Atom - A basic unit of matterconsisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutron). The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagetic force. The term matter traditionally refers to the substance that all objects are made of. Substance is a core concept of ontology and metaphysics. Ontology -- The branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being. Metaphysics -- The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value.
Nuclide - A type of atom specified by its atomic number, atomic mass, and energy state, such as Carbon 14.

In this first confusing definition of an atom, if one removes the central nucleus, then one has a cloud of negatively charged electrons. What is this cloud and where is the energy in E=mc2?

Atom (AV) – A set of one or more normal Shells. The set may contain zero or more small Shells, i.e., neutrons, and each neutron may contain zero or more smallest Shells, i.e., subneutrons or black holes.

CHAOS – AV4 SOLUTIONS

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Chaos – Weather

The Libchaber’s experiment included four variables or fields: Gravity, Ray, Linear motion and Spin. Weather predictions must include a few more variables. The Earth rotates so one must include or exclude the sun, and there is no ceiling to contain the atmosphere. Also, there is often a horizontal Linear motion or wind. To this one must add Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, and water. An Oxygen atom contains eight neutrons in an outer orbit and six in an inner orbit. These orbits may rotate and precess. Also, water is unique in that the molecules cling to each other. This is probably due to the Hydrogen atoms forming unpinned intersections as already mention. Many such attractions produce clouds and drops of rain. Let’s not forget lightning and thunder when orbiting neutrons convert their energy to Ray. Together, these fields produce a nonlinear system and make accurate predictions almost impossible.

Rather than try to predict where a hurricane will land, a different approach is to sap its energy. One could build a fleet of refrigeration ships and fill them with liquid Oxygen or dry ice. As a funnel starts to form, sail the ships into the eye and open the cargo doors.

A similar approach is possible on dry land for a twister. One could also ask power companies to erect tall poles along highways and install lightning rods on these poles. A cable would be needed to carry Ray into the ground. Such energy would probably kill insects, snakes, and all vermin living near the poles plus the roots of many plants.

Chaos – Economics

Let’s now look at an even more complex system. The American economic system is capitalistic, nonlinear and unpredictable. Many men and women with PhDs have been working the problem for years with little improvement. Three cent stamps are now approaching sixty cents. Thirty cents per gallon of gas has now reached three dollars. Our national debt is over ten trillion dollars and counting. Everyone sees this inflation but no one can stop it. When it pops and produces a Big Bang, the chaotic results will make the French Reign of Terror look like a picnic.

The solution offered here is a PIPE line tax. The (PP) pertains to personal property tax; the (I) pertains to annual income tax; the (E) pertains to estate taxes. The line is drawn on four cycle log paper using the following points.

$ ...........10,000 or less _____0%
$ .........100,000 _________25%
$ .....1,000,000 __________50%
$ ...10,000,000 __________75%
$ 100,000,000 or more ___100%

Instead of the rich becoming richer and the poor becoming poorer, this PIPE line tax makes the flow of money cyclic. It is nonlinear in that the more one makes or has the more taxes one pays. This tax pertains to all: individuals, families, groups, churches, organizations, and corporations. There are no exceptions or exemptions. Each payer makes a list of their property or income and finds their tax on the same straight line. The purpose of the straight line is to prevent lawyers from twisting the law to suit their own purposes. Any and all property or income not listed belongs to the city, county, state, or federal government in that order. Any undervalued property can be purchased by one of these governmental bodies.

In summary, chaos as a new science needs to expand its scope because nonlinearity is part of our universe. It also looks like a key to going inside an atom. On the quantum scale, there will be an increase in variables due to the subneutron and subelements like subHydrogen and suboxygen. I wish them luck.

CHAOS – AV3.SYSTEMS

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Chaos – Energy Circles

Let’s now consider a frictionless simple pendulum. The AV model of our universe used a system circle to derive the period of a simple pendulum. It used an energy circle to show how the fields of Spin and Linear motion oscillate, and that the resulting equation was not restricted to small angles.

http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Simple_Pendulum_%28AV%29

Gleick’s book illustrates what happens when one includes friction. The arc of each swing is less than the previous one and the pendulum eventually stops.

Friction is one way of converting these fields, Spin and Linear motion, to Space, i.e., entropy increases as the system returns to a stable state.

The importance of the simple pendulum is the use of the energy circle. The model applied an energy circle to a frictionless conical pendulum. In that case, Linear motion converted to Linear motion and the field of Spin acted as a catalyst. Again, the results were different from the book’s.

These energy circles gave a better understanding as to why a spinning gyroscope doesn’t fall. They also explained why planets, suns and other objects in space moved in elliptical orbits. Even Kepler didn’t know why. In short, they provided an elementary understanding of our universe.

Chaos – Heat

Heat is a form of energy associated with the motion of atoms or molecules and capable of being transmitted through solid and fluid media by conduction, through fluid media by convection, and through empty space by radiation.

To better understand this definition, let’s start with a tank of Hydrogen connected to a Bunsen burner. When one opens a valve air mixes with the Hydrogen but nothing else happens.

In order to start a fire, one uses a devise which strikes a steel wire against a flint stone. One sees a spark but this has nothing to do with the fire. A spark is a set of light photons coming into one’s eye. Ray is what starts the fire.

The fields that define a Shell of Hydrogen are spinning at the speed of light. But to each other, they may not appear to be spinning. This allows two Hydrogen atoms to merge like weak magnets. Their fields intermesh to produce an unpinned intersection and become a Hydrogen molecule.

The Rays that go with the spark hit two orbiting neutrons in an Oxygen atom and causes them to pin a Hydrogen molecule to the Oxygen atom to produce a water molecule, H2O. Think of three small ping-pong balls forming a triangle. The orbital energies or Spin of these two neutrons convert to Rays and set off a chain reaction producing more water molecules. Many Rays hit other neutrons and produce many photons of light. We see them as a flame. If one places a hand near this frame, Rays will hit the atoms in one’s hand and cause them to move. One feels this movement and the increase in orbital energies of the neutrons and calls it hot.

Chaos – Albert Libchaber

Let’s now look at Libchaber’s experiment as pictured in Gleick’s book. He put liquid Helium in a small cell the size of a lemon seed within a vacuumed container and immersed it in a Helium bath. A copper plate sat at the bottom for the introduction of heat. A sapphire crystal at the top conducted away the heat. A bolometer recorded the heat introduced by electric heating coils.

Helium comprises two Deuterium atoms. Deuterium is heavy Hydrogen. It has one neutron co-located in the Shell’s center and one in orbit about the center. Take two ping-pong balls and cut the top off of one at forty degrees latitude and glue them together to see a Helium atom. The two neutrons which were in orbit are now located in the intersection of the two Shells. Liquid Helium is very cold and low on energy, i.e., movement.

Libchaber started with a small amount of heat, i.e., Ray. Ray hit a Helium center of mass and converted to an upward Linear motion. The always present Gravity also converted to a downward Linear motion. These like fields opposed each other and converted to Spin. Spin can appear in several forms: a rotation about one or more of the three axes, and orbiting neutrons in the intersection and/or Shells. It seems likely the atom bounced around and moved upward off the bottom of the cell. As it did so, another cooler atom took its place and repeated this action. This first atom of Helium made its way to the top where it touched the sapphire crystal and converted its energy to Ray. It was then pushed out of the way by the next atom of Helium. As it moved downward due to Gravity, a loop developed, and it moved to its original location to start another cycle.

Increasing the heat increased the speed of the atoms in the loop and disturbed the other atoms along the bottom. Atoms passing the sapphire crystal do not have time to unload all of their energy. As they moved downward in a new loop, they gain enough energy to return to the top and unload all their energy. They then return to the long loop to reach the bottom. Adding more energy raises the level of activity of all the atoms and chaos reigns in the cell.

The unanswered questions relate to the law that governs what goes on inside a Helium atom. When Ray hits a Helium atom, why and where does it convert to Spin? What are the priorities for a Helium atom in converting its Spin to Ray? Libchaber’s experiment is so simple and elegant that it should be possible for someone to simulate it on a computer and answer some of these questions by learning what goes on inside a Helium atom!

CHOAS – AV2 THEORY

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Chaos – Book

James Gleick’s book ‘Chaos-Making a new science’ is worth reading.

http://www.around.com/chaos.html

Chaos – Definition

Chaos theory is that branch of mathematics which studies the behavior of certain dynamical systems that may be highly sensitive to initial conditions. As a result of this sensitivity, which manifests itself as an exponential growth of error, the behavior of chaotic systems appears to be random. That is, tiny differences in the starting state of the system can lead to enormous differences in the final state of the system even over fairly small timescales. This gives the impression that the system is behaving randomly.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory

Chaos – Example

Start a cue ball rolling on a perfect billiard table. It will bounce off the cushions without any loss of energy. The ball follows the laws of mechanics and is predictable. An analysis says one can put ten cue balls in play and they will all follow the same path. OK, let’s say one starts adding more cue balls. However, the eighth ball starts at a slower speed. As it careens of the second cushion, it is clipped by another cue ball. In the blink of an eye, the cue balls are now bouncing off of each other and chaos reigns on the table. The point of this example is that chaos is a human perception. The balls are still following the laws of mechanics.

In Gleik’s book he states that Joseph Ford said, “God plays dice with the universe.” This statement is incorrect. The logical Beings, God2, who created our physical universe, left nothing to chance. Theirs was an intelligent design.

Chaos -- Questions

Gleick’s book is about mathematicians who work with fractals and nonlinear systems. They seem to be working on the horizon of our knowledge. While this is impressive, it raises ‘what’ and ‘why’ questions. The purpose of our universe is to teach illogical Beings how to reason logically. So, what are such logical reasoning people doing in our universe?

It may be that there is more to one’s existence than eddies, symbols and equal signs. Ethics and fine arts may be more important that we give them credit.

Also, why are they looking at chaos problems when a more important problem is right in front of them, our flat Earth number system? There are many things in our universe that cycle, and we should have a cyclic number system, but that is another topic.

Nevertheless, these mathematicians are trying to reason logically, and that it what they are suppose to do. However, they seem to be working on the symptoms and not the nature of the problems.

CHOAS – AV1 OVERVIEW

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Chaos – Our Physical Universe

In Greek myth, Chaos is the original dark void from which everything else appeared. According to Hesiod's Theogony (the origin of the gods), Chaos was the nothingness out of which the first objects of existence appeared.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos

To see how correct this guess was, let’s start with a beginning of our physical universe using the AV model. The third quarter of a circle from six to nine o’clock provides an initial curve of our universe. The vertical downward movement illustrates the contracting field of Space and there is no light or any ‘thing’. This downward contraction process produces Shells out of the points of Space which explode and reconvert to points of Space. Ergo, this compression process is not linear. As Shells begin to persist, this curve asymptotes to the horizontal before the Big Bang.

The fourth quarter of a circle provides a curve of our expanding universe. The initial vertical expansion is enormous but again, the curve asymptotes to an upper horizontal line before the next cycle. It is doubtful that every Shell must reconvert to Space before the contraction starts again. Ergo, our physical universe is nonlinear, periodic and certainly chaotic at the instant of the Big Bang. Note, this school cycles even if there are no students.

Chaos – Our Solar System

Our solar system appears stable but everyone knows the sun is emitting energy in vast quantities and cannot last forever. Also, the free neutrons and subneutrons which produced the eight planets are slowly moving to the center of the sun. After their arrival, there will be a large explosion which will kill trillions of humans on Earth. This sounds awful, but it isn’t. Remember, our physical universe is a self contained set of interacting logical ideas. Our minds process these ideas, and we think they are real. After this explosion in the sun, many minds will again be aware of The Universe. The illogical Beings will re-enter and be born on another planet.

Chaos -- Earth

In our planet, Gravity also compresses atoms to produce other atoms and release lots of energy. This process is similar to that in our sun but on a slower and smaller scale. At its core, this energy keeps a large amount of iron and nickel in liquid form. When this liquid flows, it changes the center of gravity of our planet. Ergo, it is possible for our planet to roll over on its side so Antarctica lies on the new equator and chaos is everywhere as all try to survive.

However, Chaos theory does not pertain to these systems and predicting when they will change is pointless as we can do nothing about it.

QUANTUM MECHANICS (AV)

I will use my Alternative View (AV) model of our physical universe to try to explain what little I can understand of the experiments involving the one and two slit openings.

As a reminder, my AV model started with a point, the idea of a position. More points were added in a spherical fashion to produce a field of Space. A field is a set of points with specific characteristics. At the surface of Space, the surface points began to move inward to produce inward flowing radial lines of Gravity. At the center, these opposing lines of Gravity converted to Ray and other fields to produce a Shell. This Shell moved outward and exploded, unspun, when it touched the surface of Space. The result was a second center about which various fields oscillated. As the process repeated, the Space field contracted and produced more Shells and centers until the Big Bang. We are now in an expansion period of a Fundamental Cycle where time runs from one Big Bang to the next.

The fields in the AV model are as follows: Space, Gravity, Ray, Kone, Electro, Magno, Spin, Shell, and Linear-Motion. There are three sizes of Shell: Normal, Small, and Smallest which go by the names: Atom, Neutron, and subNeutron or black hole.

This AV model seems to have two rules. The first rule is that everything will convert to Space eventually, i.e., entropy increases. The second rule is everything will maintain its stability, i.e., resist change.

Our physical universe is a school for the minds of illogical Beings. Minds need stability, so they can learn to reason logically and continual change so a mind doesn’t quit its thinking and reasoning.

After the Big Bang, incoming opposing lines of Gravity converted to expanding spheres of Space. The centers which didn’t convert to mass centers in Shells moved outward from the center of our physical universe riding on the expanding spheres of Space. As these fields continued to oscillate, they grew weaker and weaker and eventually became points in Space.

A photon is a center which comprises two fields: Ray and Spin. Spin causes Ray to oscillate in the Electro and Magno fields. We know it as the electromagnetic field. A stream of photons produces what we know as light waves.

A straight line often represents our electromagnetic spectrum. The low energy is at the left and the high energy is at the right. Using the AV model, at the left is a point with no energy, i.e., no fields associated with the point. A point becomes a center or photon at the left end of the spectrum when nature adds a modicum of energy. A center becomes a mass center at the right when the added energy fields lock onto each other to become a Shell.

As Gravity compresses a Hydrogen cloud, the Hydrogen atoms form molecules. When these molecules hit, they begin to rotate. In time the whole cloud rotates as the inward Linear-Motion converts to Spin. This Spin also pertains to the neutrons in the Hydrogen atoms. To apply rule two, the mass centers of the atoms convert their excess energies to Rays that move away from the cloud. The neutrons go into orbit about the mass center of their atom, and they also rotate like a planet. While an atom moves through the field of Space, the neutron moves through a complex set of fields that comprise the atom. As they also convert their excess energies to Rays, these Rays are much shorter. They only go to the surface of the neutron where they convert from an outgoing Ray to a tangential Ray or photon. Spin causes Ray to rotate, i.e., continually convert in the electromagnetic fields. Neutrons generate these photons like a fully automatic laser rotating and firing in all directions. The expanding spheres of Space carry these photons outward.

When I first read about the one slit experiment, the light source was a point and photons hit the detection panel one at a time. The expectation was for the photons to hit in the center of the panel. The result, however, was a distribution of hits similar to that shown in the following diagram.










A point source of light is an illusion. Draw any short line. There are an infinite number of points between the end points. So, no matter how small the physical size of the opening or the apparatus for controlling the light, it is impossible to let one photon at a time hit the panel.

Now imagine a neutron orbiting in a clockwise direction. As it approaches, it fires a photon which hits the panel on the right. The neutron continues to fire photons and most hit in the center. As the neutron departs, it fires backwards and the photons hit on the left of the panel.

The experimenter thought the individual photons came from the same point light source and to explain the results, he assigned a probability characteristic to the photons. This is incorrect. A center has no physical dimensions. A photon is not like a coin or set of dice, and one cannot assign a probability to it. Rather, the distribution pertains to what is going on inside the light source.

Einstein said that God does not play dice, and I believe him. Our physical universe is an intelligent design.

Two Slit Openings

As I understand it, the photons left a point light source and passed through one of two slit openings to hit a detection panel. The QM experimenters said there was no way to tell which slit a photon would pass through to the detection panel The sum of the experimental hits produced a three node curve similar to the following curve.



When I looked at this distribution of hits, it seemed obvious to me that there were three sources of light. The photons passing through the two slits produced the end nodes, but where was the other light source. Then, it dawned on me. Rays from the normal Shells in the light source were hitting the neutrons in the small partition between the two slits. These neutrons in turn were generating photons which were hitting the detection panel. These photons were not in the visible range or the experimenter would have seen them. However, they were strong enough to activate the detection panel.

When the results were shown to Einstein, he said there might be an unknown variable in their experiment. No one knew about Ray, so his warning was ignored.

It seems to me the people working in the quantum world of light, space and gravity are trying to reach the point where I started, but with our present knowledge, it does not seem possible.

FASTER THAN LIGHT

I read somewhere that it is not possible to travel faster than light. However, we now know the speed of a photon is zero, so going faster than light is not a problem. It is Space that expands at what we call the speed-of-light. The photon just goes along for the ride like a cork on a wave. So, is it possible to travel faster than expanding Space?

I read somewhere that as a starship approached the speed of light, its mass approaches infinity. This is a misstatement. Think about E=mc2 and a starship approaching the speed of light. C squared is a large number but multiplying it by infinity puts it out of sight. If true, the starship would suck up all of the energy in our physical universe which is illogical.

As a starship moves through the Space field, every mass center converts its incoming opposing lines of Gravity to expanding spheres of Space. As the starship approaches the speed of light, the expanding Space in front of the starship cannot move out of the way. It builds a wall in front of the starship. You’ve heard of the sound barrier as planes approach the speed of sound. The air pressure builds in front of the plane. Here, we have the Space barrier. It’s like an irresistible force meeting an immovable object. So, metaphorically speaking, its mass increases to infinity.

To pass through this Space barrier, it is first necessary to convert the incoming opposing lines of Gravity to Ray so as to eliminate the Space barrier. The next step is to convert this Ray into Linear Motion and use it to propel the starship. It should then be able to move at warp speeds.

Let’s return to the time before the first Shell to see what I mean. The incoming lines of Gravity converted to Ray and other fields to produce the first Shell. At that instant, the two centers were co-located: the center of our physical universe and the center of the Shell. Each center prevented the other center from converting Gravity to Ray. So, Gravity converted to Linear Motion and moved the Shell’s center outward. This allowed the original center to convert its incoming lines of Gravity to Ray which fired at the Shell’s center. The Shell’s center continued to convert its incoming lines of Gravity to Linear Motion, and it accelerated to the limit of the Space field, i.e., its surface, where it exploded, i.e., unSpun.

However, there is a problem. As a starship approaches the speed-of-light, the Space density inside the ship increases. The Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction says an outsider will see the length of the ship decrease. The crew will experience no difference, but all of their clocks will slow including their biological clocks as they move through thicker Space. The problem is that on the crew’s home planet, the clocks run at their normal pace. This means one year in a starship may represent a hundred or more years at home.

To see what I mean, imagine Captain Cook in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, where the natives think he and his crew are Gods. Now let Captain Cook return to England, where he finds all of the ships made of steel and powered by steam. His friends are dead; the cities have changed, and he and his crew are museum pieces. What I’m saying is, to make a star trek, one must leave home forever. Why would anyone do this?

I can think of only one reason. One’s sun is going to erupt and destroy one’s solar system.

If true, it would be impossible to move billions of people to another solar system along with all of their belongings. After the leaders realized they were facing extinction, they would take steps to continue their existence by storing sperm and ova aboard several starships and wishing the crews successful voyages.

The next question is, ‘What does the crew do after sowing their oats’?

In our case, the answer appears to be, ‘They return to be a God3 for an evolving people’.

To see what I mean, read ‘The First Book of The Kings’. God3 wanted the Israelites to fear and serve him, but the Israelites wanted a king to lead them and not God3. Samuel anointed Saul, their first king. God3 told Saul to go and smite the Amaleks, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not: but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass.

This sounds like an order from Hitler. To understand what is happening, keep in mind that God3 was trying to perpetuate the crew’s species.

Remember, Abraham slept with Hagar who gave birth to Ishmael. However, Abraham’s wife was given a fertilized egg with the help of three men of God3. She gave birth to Isaac, and Isaac begat Esau and Jacob. Jacob becomes the chosen one, and he fathered the Israelites. It is this DNA line that the crew tried to perpetuate. Other lines or other people were not important to them.

It appears God3 could not control this DNA line, so they gave up and went to another planet where they would be appreciated.

Since the purpose of our physical universe is to teach us how to reason logically, why travel faster than light? Why go outside when the problem is inside? For example, why would one want others to fear and serve them? Why worry about extinction or the death of one’s body? Our physical universe is an intelligent design, so let it work.

ETHICS AND SINS

We now come to the right side of the Tree Of Knowledge (TOK) and nonphysical ideas. For example, aesthetics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and expression of beauty, as in the fine arts. I cannot comment on this topic, because I’ve lost some of my hearing, and I’m partially colorblind. However, I’ve covered many of the other topics in my main articles so let me move on to ethics and sins.

Ethics is the study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person.

Moral pertains to the goodness or badness of human choices. The choices we make of our own free will.

One links goodness to God and Heaven and badness to evil, the Devil and Hell. Since my model of our physical universe eliminated these mythological concepts, I think it’s time for a major change in the definition of moral choices. I prefer to think in terms of logical and illogical choices. Remember, the purpose of our physical universe is to teach us how to reason logically. This purpose applies to math majors as well as street walkers.

A sin is a transgression of a religious or moral law. It is interesting to note in passing, if we eliminate religions, we eliminate sins.

How many sins are there? Well, there are seven deadly sins: Lust, Gluttony, Greed, Sloth, Wrath, Envy, and Pride. The new social sins include: environmental pollution, genetic manipulation, obscene wealth, infliction of poverty, drug trafficking, morally debatable experiments, and violation of the fundamental rights of human nature. To these, we can add a host of felonies like Rape and Murder.

Let’s now talk about the seven deadly sins. One’s inability to control one’s self characterizes all of these sins. This inability is not physical. Imagine a circle or sphere as our physical universe. By definition, Ideas cannot cross this boundary in either direction, but abilities can. Suppose you are a Being in The Universe, but you lack the ability to control yourself. If true, I think you would be a good candidate to attend school in the physical universe.

Lust occurs when a person acts as if their brain was between their legs.
Gluttony occurs when a person’s stomach controls their body.
Greed occurs when a person collects things. Think about it. Since everything is made of Space, one is collecting nothing. People collect things knowing full well that when their body dies, they cannot take the collection with them.
Sloth occurs when a person doesn’t want to learn anything. It’s like going to school and day dreaming while watching the clock on the wall.
Wrath occurs when one is full of vindictive anger. This often happens when one believes an illogical idea is the truth and someone else has exposed the idea as illogical.
Envy occurs when one wants what another has. Pride occurs when one is full of one’s self. Envy and Pride seem to be the ends of a continuum in a world of illogical Beings. Therefore, is seems best in the long run to be near the medium.

Let’s talk about the felonies. A similar reasoning applies. A Being in The Universe is having problems and is expressing itself in an outward fashion to disturb other Beings. In so doing, the Being becomes a candidate for schooling in the physical universe.
You can make your own decisions about the new social sins.

I will now give you two different examples. The first deals with a band of monkeys. Their leader has just died, and the biggest, strongest, meanest male monkey takes over the leadership task. No one wants to fight him. He uses any of the females whenever he wants. If she is holding a baby and is not cooperative, the new leader tries to kill the baby. After he has had his way, the second male in the pecking order has his way with the females and so on down the male chain. In effect, they gang rape the females daily. To solve their problem, each female selects a male and stays with him in hopes he will protect her from the other males.

The second example deals with seals on a beach. There is a beach master basking in the sun with his harem. One of his females slips into the water and swims to the other side of a large rock. She meets a young male, and they do their thing. While the young male is asleep, she slips into the sea and returns to the harem. The young male awakens to find she is gone, and he goes looking for her. He and the beach master get into a fight. Afterwards, the young male leaves bruised and bloody. He enters the ocean to wash away the blood and a shark eats him.

Let’s look at these two examples and try to apply some ethics and identify the sinners. Glory be, there are none. Ethics and sinning do not apply to animals, plants or insects. They perform according to Spencer’s survival of the fittest, kill or be killed, eat or be eaten.

So, let’s move these behaviors over to humans who have free choices. In this day and age, have you ever heard of a woman being gang raped? Have you ever heard of a woman who wanted to be near a strong man? How about a cheerleader who wants to be friendly with the star quarterback? Have you ever heard of a trophy wife who went astray? How about the expression ‘sex sells’? I read where a young blond woman married an old billionaire for half of his estate. He died on his wedding night with a smile on his face. I mention these examples to say we are not far in our evolution from the animals.

Previously, I divided humans into three groups: Earthy, People, and Beings. The Earthy humans were those who acted as if their brains were between their legs. There are men and women who show their bodies for money and sell their bodies for money. They deal in pornography and dive into orgies. Women have sex with dogs, and men use sheep.

Now look at the circle of our physical universe. The purpose of this school is to teach us how to reason logically. Do you think these people who are overly concerned with sex are thinking logically? I think not. When they recycle because they have not learned to reason logically, how will this physical universe teach them?

I believe a person returns to live in the mess they created. That is, they return to fight against their own ideas. It’s not punishment. It’s a way of teaching. For example, Nietzsche believed women existed for the entertainment of warriors. I believe he would have returned as an Amazon. Another example is a woman who hates a person because of a ‘difference’ will return with that ‘difference’. Have you ever heard that history repeats itself? Well, now you know why. There is no judgement day. If you do not learn to reason logically, you will recycle onto some planet in this physical universe.

For these earthy humans, I think they return as neuters or with genitalia for both sexes. Or, they could return as a female in a male body or vice versa.
The point I’m trying to make is our physical universe is a school, and it will do the necessary teaching to the sinners. So, you should not be eager to cast the first stone.

BRAINS AND MINDS

At the top of its central root, the Tree Of Knowledge (TOK) shows the mind of an illogical Being. This mind interfaces with a human brain, and this post concerns both.

The essential question is how does a physical brain interface with a nonphysical idea, or how does a physical atom think? People who work with and study the physical ideas on the left of the TOK ignore this problem. Their interests range from quanta of light and gravity to faraway galaxies but not inward to what is handling their interests.

My metaphysics post says our physical universe is a self contained set of interacting logical ideas. Our minds process these ideas, and we think they are real. I started with the idea of a point and created a field of Space and ten other fields. These fields interact to produce all that we think are real including brains.

Let’s start with an unstable atom that just became alive and is on its evolutionary way to becoming a mammal. It began by covering itself with stable atoms, and this stability is a key. Gravity compresses other atoms together to produce other stable elements like Carbon while converting some atoms to Space. So, stability is only for a short time as all will eventually reconvert to Space.

As for our unstable atom, the orbital energy of its neutrons spreads to other neutrons in its surrounding atoms. This enables them to make contact with other stable atoms so that the surrounding wall of atoms becomes thicker. To remain the same, this live unit must make contact with other atoms like Oxygen and transfer some of its orbital energy to the original unstable atom. The process repeats, and the unit grows.

As the unit grows, it bends due to outside influences. This bending impacts all of the atoms in the unit, and changes their energy level or orientation. Some internal atoms carry the bending signal better than others, and a line of these atoms becomes the affecters for the unit. Another line of atoms becomes the effecters and try to prevent the bending. The incoming energy signal is Ray, and it triggers the release of a larger Ray which becomes the outgoing signal. We know it as a stimulus and a response.

It is possible for the bending to take place without an external stimulus when an atom suddenly releases its energy. If this bending helps the unit move and find Oxygen atoms or other energy sources, then the unit survives. If it repeats this cyclic process, we say it learned to move and search for food. The point or atom for these internal stimuli marks the beginning of a brain. However, at this stage, it is better to stick with a natural cyclic stability process.

If we move up to an egg in a female mammal, we find a cluster of atoms like a row of dominos. The stimulus for this cluster is the male sperm. This sperm is not alive, but it has the ability to bend its tail and move. Upon penetrating the egg, it provides the stimulus to set off a chain reaction that allows millions of years of evolution to occur in a few months. As the fetus develops, so does its brain. Absent an illogical Being, a child continues to develop and learns stimuli-responses (S-R) from its family. Again, the key is stability for the child and its family as they hunt and gather food for survival.

With the advent of an illogical Being, changes occur which are not related to S-R. The first change is the occupation of the Being’s memory with the brain of the fetus. It is best at this point to remember that a brain is a group of ideas. And, it is these ideas which sate the memory of the illogical Being and overloads its mind. As this mind begins to process these ideas, the child continues to develop. As this mind gains control, it begins to make changes in its community, and others learn from these new changes.

Psychology is the branch of science that deals with the S-R behavior of humans. Psychiatry is the branch of medicine that deals with emotional and mental disorders. Both are important fields to help understand how the brain and mind function.

HUMAN CLONES

The Tree Of Knowledge (TOK) shows humans at the bottom of its central root, and we need a generic view of these humans.

The reasoning in my metaphysics article says our physical universe cycles form one Big Bang to the next. During the compression period before a Big Bang, there are no humans. During the expansion period after a Big Bang, there is only a short period of time in which animals can live.

Visualize this period by thinking of a planet much larger than our Earth. Its sun gave it birth, and it has its own free neutrons. Gravity pushes these free neutrons together, and they cause a nuclear explosion which vaporizes a third of the planet. The planet splits apart to stabilize its moment of inertia. The rains come to fill the abysses and form oceans. Life begins. Dinosaurs come and go, and the age of mammals begins which include anthropoids.

These early humans live in packs like other animals. They evolve and reproduce. They kill for food and live close to the soil. There may be zillions of them on zillions of planets, but they will all die and reconvert to Space before the next Big Bang. ‘Die’ is a misnomer. Our physical universe is a self contained set of interacting logical ideas. Our minds process these ideas, and we think they are real.

We now want to consider why humanoids are a part of this reality.
Our universe is a school whose purpose is to teach its pupils (illogical Beings) how to reason logically.

A major change occurs in a human society when an illogical Being is born into a family. This pupil cannot bring over any ideas from The Universe into this physical universe. However, it does seem to realize that there is something more than the physical objects it sees. It conceives the idea of a creator, and the tribe learns to believe in a God.

With the coming of religion, the locals need to have faith. They must believe whatever their shaman tells them, and the tribe employs some sort of punishment for the unfaithful. Faith in the local dogma makes it difficult for new pupils to learn to reason logically. Faith impedes reason even for physicists.

A major change also occurs when two illogical Beings were born into a tribe. A conflict arises as to whose illogical ideas are to dominate. Each pupil believes everything would be better if everyone followed his ideas, and the end justifies the means. Various political forms arise and evolve as the locals fight wars to establish their illogical ideas.

It appears that humans serve two purposes. First, humans are receptacles for the minds of the incoming illogical Beings, and I’ll say more about these minds in my next post. Second, humans are receptacles for the illogical ideas and act like mirrors. That is, the illogical Beings will recycle, and upon reentering, they will face their own illogical ideas, e.g., Brahmins return as ‘untouchables’ and masters as slaves.

This is a form of teaching. A pupil returns to live in the Hell it creates. This recycling continues until the pupil realizes its ideas are illogical and begins to learn how to reason logically.

With this recycle in mind, think of the first rule: ‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you’.

UNIVERSALS EQUAL ALGORITHMS

I tried to read an article ‘M-Theory’ which used string theory with eleven independent dimensions to explain our physical universe. The model is not finished, and I didn’t understand it. I was interested in it because my model of our physical universe uses eleven fields, Space and ten other fields. My model starts with the idea of a point and expands and contracts until a Big Bang occurs. It is simple to explain and covers many topics on the left side of the Tree Of Knowledge (TOK). Of the two models, Occam’s Razor favors my model.

However, the main difference is that the M-Theory is a set of equations which hopefully will explain everything while my model acts more like a program running on a computer. The main algorithm is about Space. Space converts to ten other fields during its compression period before a Big Bang, and each field has its own algorithm. When the fields convert into a normal Shell, i.e., atom, that atom and every such atom has its own algorithm which stays with it until it reconverts to Space. During the compression period when fields convert into a neutron inside an atom, two algorithms come into play, one for the neutron and one for the combination called a Hydrogen atom.

We divide things into three groups: Animal, Mineral, and Vegetable. Think of these groups as large algorithms with many if statements or branches. Minerals pertain to the list on the left of the TOK. The unstable atoms are at the bottom left.

Life begins with the advent of unstable atoms. Each unstable atom coats itself with stable atoms and becomes a live molecule with its own algorithm. A molecule with zero openings acts like a stable molecule until something changes it. A live molecule with one opening becomes an animal, and a live molecule with two openings becomes a vegetable. As to the question of which came first the chicken or the egg, one can now say these nodules are eggs.

Depending on their energy level, physical makeup, and environment, these molecules move up the various algorithm branches to become something larger in our world. Darwin calls this process natural selection or evolution.

Universals come into play when one starts at the top, say the animal algorithm, and picks a major subset algorithm called ‘cats’. This cat algorithm covers saber tooth tigers to alley cats, and many more which we cannot even imagine. Jungle law determines who survives. Universals also apply to manmade objects like a table. Algorithms attach to all combinations of atoms no matter their origin.

The key point is our physical universe is a school with a wide variety of apparent objects designed to aid us in learning how to reason logically.

LOGIC_MATH

Mathematics is a subset of logic and belongs in the list of ideas on the right side of the Tree Of Knowledge (TOK). This post has three comments on mathematics.

First, let me refer to the previous post on the importance of the list of ideas on the right of the TOK. The natural processes of our physical universe have their own laws. Physicists try to describe these processes with physical laws like Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. Where would physics be without mathematics?

Second, the problem with our mathematics is that it is a flat Earth math. Think of a circular tube full of paint. Punch a small hole in the bottom and roll the tube along on a flat surface. Every time the hole touches the surface, it will leave a spot of paint. You can name these spots: 1 2 3 4 etc. The list of these names is infinite. You can also name these spots: 2 4 6 8 etc. The list of these even names is infinite. How can one have an infinite number of names and remove half the numbers and still have an infinite number of names? Logic says there is something wrong.

What we need is a cyclic mathematical system. Our physical universe cycles from one Big Bang to the next. Planets orbit their sun. History repeats itself, and illogical Beings pass through life and death cycles as they try to learn to reason logically.

Third, in my metaphysics article, I created a model of our physical universe from the idea of a point. This point became a spherical field of Space which contracted into ten other fields before the Big Bang. This model explains many objects and events we see today in our expanding universe, but it has a flaw. It contains no imaginary numbers. The term ‘imaginary’ is a misnomer. The square root of minus one is no different than any other number.

Our physical universe is a school. It exists to teach us how to reason logically. Everything we sense is a training aid, e.g., imaginary numbers. Think of a tape/belt with the real numbers on the outside and the imaginary numbers on the inside. Give this tape a twist to produce a mobius strip. My model needs a twist somewhere to include imaginary numbers. One cannot have a universe of ideas and omit imaginary numbers.

Physical vs nonphysical ideas

Look at the top roots of the Tree Of Knowledge and see the ideas divide into two groups: physical and nonphysical. Which group is the most important?

The physical ideas pertain to atoms, energy, power, gold, money. If one is to believe physical objects are real, then the choice is obvious. To support this decision, ask yourself of what practical use are aesthetics: The branch of philosophy that deals with the nature and expression of beauty, as in the fine arts.

The answer is obvious if one forgets one’s purpose in our physical universe. If one is to learn to reason logically, then accumulating money and power is harmful to one’s efforts. One cannot take money and power or any physical object with them when they die, i.e., return to The Universe. Ideas do not cross the boundary of our physical universe in either direction. This rule is what makes it a ‘universe’.

If a person excels in greed and pride, then these traits may carry over to The Universe. There is little or no information on The Universe, but I believe these sins would be undesirable traits in any society.

Think of three persons with their arms extended and fingers interlaced. One embraces air; one a tree, and one embraces a column of gold. My main article on metaphysics shows how the idea of a point converted to atoms and everything physical. So, all three are embracing Space whether they know it or not.

From these examples, I say the nonphysical ideas on the right of the Tree Of Knowledge are more important than those on the left.

Idealism vs Realism

Idealism is the philosophical theory which maintains that the ultimate
nature of reality is based on mind or ideas. It holds that the so-called
external or "real world" is inseparable from mind, consciousness, or
perception.

Realism is the philosophical doctrine, opposed to idealism, that physical
objects exist independently of their being perceived.

It turns out, both of these 'isms' are partially correct with idealism more
so than realism.

My metaphysics article says our physical universe is a self contained set
of interacting logical ideas. Our minds process these ideas, and we think
they are real. So, I placed ideas at the top of the roots of the tree of
knowledge along side of philosophy .

One can read about Plato and his cave allegory. People who live in the
cave think the shadows on the wall are real. A cave man came out and
returned. He tried to explain the truth about the shadows, but the others
thought he was crazy.

One can continue to read the history of idealism and reach Bishop
Berkeley. He contends that individuals can only directly know sensations
and ideas of objects, not abstractions such as "matter." As a bishop, an
idea of a Christian God is always in his background, and bringing a God
into a discussion is a 'turnoff' for may realists.

For example, God2 created our intelligently designed perfect physical
universe as a school and as a teacher. Since it is perfect, God2 is not
going to change anything. So, talking about or to this God2 is pointless.

The purpose of our physical universe is to teach us illogical Beings
how to reason logically. Therefore, one should treat all physical objects
as real. They are there to help teach us how to reason logically.

Realist are correct in that physical objects exist independently of their
being perceived, because our school continues. It cycles from one Big
Bang to the next and is independent of its students.

I don't think realists can detemine the answers for questions related to:
who, what, when, where, how, and why. When, and where are not
important, but who, what, how and why are given in my metaphysics
article.

http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Philosophy:Metaphysics_(AV)

Bodhi Tree

I like to think of this Tree of Knowledge as the Bodhi Tree under which
the spiritual teacher Buddha achieved enlightenment. I’ve already
said our physical universe is a self-contained set of interacting logical
ideas. So, let me start at the top of these roots with ‘ideas’. I also place
philosophy at the top next to ‘ideas’. A philosopher is a lover of wisdom.
Wisdom is the sum of scholarly learning through the ages, and it covers
all of these roots.

Tree of Knowledge

NuPhilosophy Summary

In philosophy, idealism is the theory that an object of external perception, in itself or as perceived, consists of ideas. Our physical universe doesn’t exist as we think it does. At my wikiversity site, I proved this to be true.

A group of logical Beings created our physical universe which is a self contained set of interacting logical ideas. Our minds process these ideas, and we think they are real. Our physical universe is a school, and its purpose is to teach us how to reason logically. Each of us has the purpose to learn how to reason logically.
On the science side, you can read how I think they created our physical universe which cycles from one Big Bang to the next. There is a Space field and ten other fields which were derived from the idea of a point.

They show most scientist are mistaken, and there are three Gods.

NuPhilosophy_1

Hi
I recently posted my views on philosophy at the above wikiversity site, and I would like to have some feedback.

Thanks
calgea