ATOM_5_QUARKS

._In physics, a quark is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. There are several quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom, and several leptons: electron neutrino, muon, and tauon.

._In the AV model, there are no quarks or leptons. The difference lies in the basic definition of an atom. In physics, the atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. In the AV model, there are just Shells within Shells. The three sizes are: normal, small and smallest, or atom, neutron, and subneutron. Each Shell comprises fields spinning at the speed of light so as to become self-locking. For example, the north and south poles of the magnetic fields are at the same place at the same time.

._Let’s start by smashing two atoms together. In physics, this means smashing two nuclei at high speeds to produce the quarks. In the AV model, the two normal Shells hit and unSpin, i.e., explode. The first happening is the conversion to Space. Although the two nuclei are only the diameter of a Shell apart, there is a thick wall of Space between them. It is like turning a corner and walking into a fifty mph wind. The neutrons which were traveling towards each other at the same high speed now slow as they move through the thick Space. This Space moves outward like a shock wave and is not visible to an observer or any photograph of the explosion.

._Along with this explosion is the conversion of the two Shells to other fields. Gravity, for example, continues its inward progress to the available mass centers. Its only affect appears to be the pushing of the neutrons and subneutrons into other Shells. If they are the Shells which are emitting photons, they soon disappear.

._Ray is the next field of interest. It would fire at each of the mass centers and convert to another field. It would produce many photons that a photograph could detect and many others that would go undetected. It would also convert to Linear motion at each of these mass centers and move them away from the center of the explosion. This would certainly slow the neutrons in the nuclei so that they would not hit each other with enough force to cause them to unSpin. These opposing Linear motion fields would also probably convert to Ray. The neutrons that were originally in orbit about the center of mass of their atom would continue their motion toward the center of the explosion, miss all other neutrons, and move away in an arc. Ray is not visible, but it could pass through the mass centers and produce a magnetic field of short life which could be detected. Ray would also hit any photographic plate or detection device.

._The other undetected fields would be Kone, Electro, Spin and subneutrons. Fields producing the EM spectrum might be detected, but those producing the Dark Light (DL) spectrum would not.

._The subneutrons are a special case. They may or may not be in the neutrons or even inside the colliding Shells. Remember, a neutron inside a Hydrogen atom may in fact be a subHydrogen atom or a suboxygen atom. The combinations are endless. A free subneutron would act like a free neutron. It could also emit photons before it disappeared inside another Shell.

._In physics, the experimenter is probably looking at a photograph of the explosion and trying to imagine what happened. There would be no limit to his imagination or the creation of new pieces of matter. It would be like making predictions from the northern lights. In the AV model, there is the field of Space and ten other fields. They would allow many combinations, but one cannot add any new matter. Given a choice, one should side with Ockham's razor and go with the AV model.

ATOM_4_PARTICLES

The author mentions four elementary particles: the neutron, the proton, the electron, and the photon. In the AV model, the neutron is a small Shell. The proton is a neutron with what appears to have a positive charged disturbance on it. The electron is a disturbance on a normal Shell or atom and appears negative. The photon is a point about which the fields of Spin and Ray exist. Streams of photons produce the electromagnetic spectrum (EM). In physics, a baryon is a combination of two or more neutrons and protons. They lump together the electron and photon as leptons because they have little mass. In the AV model, they have no mass. The AV model restricts mass to the center of a Shell. This is not the case in physics. It seems for something to exist it must have a mass.

The author says the neutron is unstable. If all by itself, it would become a proton and an electron. In the AV model, a free neutron is the same as a normal Shell or atom only smaller. Gravity acts on it and moves it to another mass center. It can enter a normal Shell and become part of its nuclei. This may result in an electron and a proton, but the neutron is not an unstable particle.

The positron or anti-electron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. Positrons were discovered in 1932 by Carl D. anderson, who gave the positron its name. The positron was the first evidence of antimatter and was discovered by passing cosmic rays through a cloud chamber and a lead plate surrounded by a magnet to distinguish the particles by bending differently charged particles in different directions. This anti-electron led to anti-matter to an anti-universe.

There is no anti-matter in the AV model. The word ‘universe’ means one not two or more. So, what was Anderson looking at in his cloud chamber? To answer this question, it is first necessary to talk about electricity in a wire. When Ray moves though a wire, it moves from mass center to mass center. At each center, it converts to the Magno field and then back to Ray. The north pole of the magnetic field is in the direction Ray is moving. The magnetic field acts a catalyst. The same conversions happen in the cloud chamber. However, the cloud chamber is not uniform in its structure as a copper wire. The cloud chamber is full of water molecules plus Oxygen and Nitrogen. And as mentioned above, a water molecule can be of any configuration. One of which is a straight line configuration of Hydrogen-Oxygen-Hydrogen (HOH). Another configuration is a triangle where the two Hydrogen atoms touch each other.

The source of the cosmic rays in Anderson’s experiment is not important because we are interested in Ray which he never knew existed. So, in this first example, Ray moves in a straight line from center to center especially in the Oxygen atoms which have the most neutrons. As Ray moves, each water molecule becomes a small weak magnet pointing north in the direction of Ray. This causes it to move slightly to the south pole of the main magnet in the experiment. There is also a small conversion to photons of light so the experimenter can see the curved path of Ray.

In the second example, Ray moves in a straight line from center to center in the Hydrogen atoms. In each triangular water molecule, Ray also loops clockwise through the Oxygen atom on the right. This results in a magnetic south pole pointing in the direction Ray is traveling. This also causes it to move slightly to the north pole of the main magnet in the experiment.

The author also talks about protons and antiprotons where the antiprotons have a negative charge. In the AV model, this means the proton has a Ray leaving the neutron. The viewer is on the side of Ray which makes the disturbance appear positive. If the Ray is weak and only converts to Space, The viewer is on the bottom side of Ray which makes the disturbance appear negative.

As for the neutrino, the author mentions that Wolfgang Pauli suggested the existence of the neutrino and Enrico Fermi worked out a detailed theory of the neutrino production to save the conservation laws. In 1953 Clyde L. Cowan, Jr. and Frederick Reines sat up an experiment and detected the antineutrino. Their view of the neutrino was that it was uncharged, massless, and traveled at the speed of light. Today in physics, neutrinos have a minuscule, but nonzero mass and there are three types.

In the AV model, Ray has no mass. Actually, we live in a sea of Rays. Rays are of different lengths depending on their energy. As Ray moves into deep Space, the points which comprise a Ray fade into the points of the expanding Space.

ATOM_3_FORCES

. There are four fundamental interactions in particle physics: Strong, Gravitation, the electromagnetic force, and the weak interaction. It should be understood that in the AV model, there is no force per se. There are just fields converting to other fields as everything converts to Space. Force is a human term used to describe a move of something or of work. Newton’s laws help define local motions, e.g., F=ma, Force equals mass times acceleration.

. Gravitation is the natural phenomenon of attraction between massive bodies. In the AV model, unopposed incoming lines of Gravity convert to Linear motion at a center of mass, i.e., a Shell’s center, and move the mass in the direction of the incoming lines of Gravity. Gravity is a compressive force. There is no attraction or action at a distance. It just appears that way.

. A stronger attractive force was postulated to explain how the atomic nucleus was bound together despite the protons' mutual electromagnetic repulsion. This hypothesized force was called the strong force, which was believed to be a fundamental force that acted on the nucleons (the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus). Experiments suggested that this force bound protons and neutrons together with equal strength. The key here is electromagnetic repulsion.

. In physics, electromotive force, or most commonly emf or volts is that which tends to cause current (actual electrons and ions) to flow. In the AV model, there are no electrons and no flow. If one moves a copper wire across magnetic lines, then Linear motion converts to Ray which moves along the wire and one has an electric generator. If one sends Ray through a copper wire in a magnetic field, then Ray converts to Linear motion and one has an electric motor. So, electromotive force is different from electromagnetic repulsion.

. In physics, electromagnetism is the electromagnetic field, a field that exerts a force on particles with the property of electric charge and is reciprocally affected by the presence and motion of such particles. The key here is electric charge.

. In physics, the electric charge on a body may be positive or negative. Two positively charged bodies experience a mutual repulsive force, as do two negatively charged bodies. A positively charged body and a negatively charged body experience an attractive force. The key here is electric charge.

. In physics, the positive electric charge is carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron. Again, in the AV model, there is no electron per se. At the center of a Shell, incoming opposing lines of Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space. A small amount of this incoming Gravity converts to Ray. This appears to be a leftover from the compression period. This small Ray moves to the surface of the Shell and creates a disturbance as it converts to Space. This disturbance is what one calls an electron. As Ray rotates inside the Shell, the electron appears to be in an orbit. To a human, this electron appears negative because Ray is on the other side. On a small Shell or neutron in the normal Shell, the disturbance appears positive because Ray is on the same side as the viewer.

. In physics, it is possible to rub amber or glass to obtain an electrical charge and demonstrate the effect of the charge by touching an electrometer and seeing the foils separate. How is this possible in the AV model?

. The AV model has the small Shells or neutrons in orbit about the center of a normal Shell instead of piled up in the center. Given an atom or normal Shell in room like conditions, some neutrons will be in orbit. Let’s say rubbing the atom converts Linear motion to Ray which converts to Spin in the neutrons and their orbit grows larger along with their rotation rate. The Ray coming from the center of the atom passes through these neutrons to produce the orbiting electron. The number of these electrons appears to have increased, and they are moving faster in their orbits. The viewer says the object containing the atoms has a negative electric charge. The opposite is also true. The orbital energy decreases and a neutron could even drop into the center.

. Let’s now move to the electrometer and touch the top with our negatively charged probe. In this case, the extra energy moves into the atoms as Ray and turns each leaf into a magnet. The incoming Gravity tries to move them apart at the top but this is impossible. This Gravity converts to Linear motion and tries to level the leaves, and they appear to move apart. Think of sitting on a bridge with a twenty foot 2x4 piece of wood hanging down. Now hold the end and try to rotate the 2x4 upward to the horizontal position. It becomes harder to rotate the 2x4 as its center of gravity moves away from your vertical position.

. Which interpretation is correct? Well, it is easy to test. Let the leaves in the electrometer hang straight down with no charge on them. Place a compass on each side of the leaves and again touch the top with the charged probe. The compass needles will turn as appropriate.

. Let’s now return to the strong force. Without the electromagnetic repulsion, there is no strong force. So, what is it that holds the neutrons and protons together? Look at the above Helium atom. Neutrons are pinning the normal Shells together. How this is done is unknown. Dropping down a level, it is possible to have subneutrons pinning the protons and neutrons together. Another possible way is just to have the small Shells interlock on each other.

. The weak interaction changes one flavor of quark into another. This is not in the AV model.

ATOM_2_NEUTRINO

In his introduction, author Asimov asks, “What is the universe made of? What governs its workings? What is its purpose?” The AV model says our physical universe is made of ideas. Laws govern its workings. Its purpose is to teach its illogical students how to reason logically.

Is this true? Well, everything we know passes through our minds. A mind is not physical, and it cannot interface with that which most people called physical. Does it make any difference? Yes, the author talks of an atomic nucleus. It appears scientists lump everything into a pile in an atom. However, they do not explain how a pile of protons and neutrons can produce a magnetic field in Iron but not in other elements. As seen in the above AV model diagram of a Iron atom, it is easy to arrange the neutrons to produce a magnetic field.

The author talks of a nothing-particle called a neutrino. At first, scientists thought it was a myth, but it turned out to exist. In the AV model, Ray is the neutrino. This means we are talking about different things.

The author talks about the conservation of angular momentum, and the AV model provides a general view. During the compression period before the Big Bang, Space was converting to Shells and Spin. This Spin pertained to all three sizes of Shells. The Shells rotated in the same direction, and the centrifugal force was enormous. However, there was no space for the Shells to expand into. After the Big Bang, many Shells reconverted to Space in a spherical form. This provided the needed space, and a massive explosion occurred. The further an object moves from the center, the slower it rotates. Our sun is no exception. The free neutrons moving deeper into the sun produced eight planets. The free subneutrons in the sun produced two large planets. They all rotate as does our sun. The author mentions that Uranus doesn’t rotate like the other planets. Its axis of rotation seems to be in its orbit about the sun. It may be that a free neutron explosion in Saturn created the planet Pluto. On Pluto’s way into orbit, it glanced off Uranus as it went deeper into space while Uranus changed its axis of rotation.

The author talks about a closed energy system, and the AV model is a closed system. From The Universe, our physical universe is zero in size. From inside, our physical universe appears to be expanding and looks infinite in size. However, it does not expand into anything because ideas are not physical.

When Michelson and Morley failed to detect an Ether field in 1887, everyone assumed space was a void. So, the author asks, “Will energy be conserved under the conditions of the vacuum of outer space, a region far more empty of matter than anything we can reproduce on Earth?” This is the biggest difference between the models of most scientists and the AV model. In the AV model, Space is the main spherical field, and space is a large 3D volume.

Given that the field of Space is a set of points, i.e., the ideas of positions, one can say there is no mass in our physical universe. We have points called the centers of Gravity which we call mass centers. They are points where one field converts to another field. The term mass pertains to a collection of these centers or points.

To better understand this concept of mass, think of a photon. A photon is a point associated with the fields Spin and Ray. That is, a fixed amount of Ray rotates perpendicular to the direction of travel. However, Ray does not rotate like a stick. It converts to the Electro and Magno fields. In these fields, Ray is the amplitude, and Spin is the frequency. A stream of photons produce what is known as an electromagnetic wave. The photons range over our electromagnetic spectrum and include radio waves, visible light and gamma rays to name a few. Now, each photon represents a small amount of energy. So, using a mass-energy equation, one can assign a mass to a photon. Einstein did this and predicted gravity would bend light. Sir Arthur Eddington conducted an experiment to prove this bending of light by gravity. No one thought the Space generated by the sun was pushing the starlight. Is Einstein right?

Well, the author provides the following footnote. “In a transparent medium other than a vacuum, photons travel at lesser velocities. Even air slows them down very slightly. When photons leave a transparent medium, however, and enter vacuum again, their velocity accelerates at once to 3x10 to the tenth power cm/sec once more” Assume the author is correct. What is the source of the energy that accelerates each photon mass instantly to the speed of light? Obviously, there is no such source of energy. In the AV model, a photon has no mass. It originates on the surface of a small Shell and rides the expanding sphere of Space. Likewise, after leaving a transparent medium, the photon rides an expanding sphere of Space. Remember, inward flowing opposing radial lines of Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space at all mass centers such as those in a transparent medium. Ergo, Einstein was wrong about why but not what.

Gravity is another significant difference. Most scientists think gravity is an attractive force. In the AV model, Gravity is a compressive force. Points at the limit or surface of Space convert to inward flowing lines of Gravity and create the radial field of Gravity. Again, Einstein came up with a different view of space-time and gravity to fit the void of space that only a math major could understand. As for quantum gravity, think about this. In the AV model, there are lines of Gravity. Each line comprises a set of points. However, it doesn’t seem possible for a human to divide a line into a point. It sounds like physicists are trying to reach the starting point for the AV model which seems impossible.

ATOM_1_EXAMPLES

___Hydrogen (H 1) comprises a normal Shell containing a neutron, i.e., a small Shell. Incoming opposing lines of Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space at a Shell’s center. However, a small amount Gravity converts to Ray. Ray is a one dimensional field. Ray moves to the surface and creates a local disturbance before moving into Space. This local disturbance is an electron. As Ray rotates, it gives the impression the electron is in orbit. The electron appears negative because humans are on the opposite side of Ray. Likewise, the neutron appears positive and becomes a protron because humans are on the same side as Ray.
As shown, there are two mass centers. However, when they are co-located, they count as one. The average is 1.00797 which is its atomic weight. Incoming energy like Ray can convert to Linear motion at a mass center and move the neutron off center and Gravity will restore it. See Deuterium.
___Hydrogen molecule – The interlocking fields which define a Shell are rotating at the speed of light. However, to each other, they may be in sync. In this case, they can act like weak magnets and attract each other so their fields mesh as one. This makes for an unpinned intersection and the unit is a molecule.


___Deuterium – Heavy Hydrogen is a Hydrogen atom with an extra neutron in orbit about the center. Thus there are three mass centers, but two are co-located to give an average of 2.0141 which is its atomic weight. In some cases, the two neutrons may be at the center and form a subHydrogen molecule, or both could be in orbit. See Helium.
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___Helium (He 2) comprises two Deuterium atoms. This occurs in the sun where Gravity compresses all atoms. When two normal Shells cannot move due to this compression, they unSpin. That is, they explode and reconvert to Space and other fields. This explosion forces the two free neutrons into other Hydrogen atoms to form two Deuterium atoms. The compression then forces these Deuterium atoms together to form Helium. The two neutrons in orbit give up their orbital energy and reside in the intersection. This produces a pinned intersection and a new element, i.e., Helium, with an atomic weight of 4.0026. Their interlocking fields make it difficult for Helium to unite with other normal Shells. See Neon.

___Lithium (Li 3) is a normal Shell containing six neutrons which form a gyroscope. There are four neutrons in orbit and the axis of rotation contains two neutrons plus the center of mass of the normal Shell. The length of this axis is very short and one neutron often resides at the normal Shell’s center which reduces the count of the centers of mass to less than seven. Its atomic weight is 6.939. See Iron.




___Beryllium (Be 4) is a normal Shell containing eight neutrons in orbit and one neutron co-located at the center. This center neutron seldom moves which gives an atomic weight of 9.01218.
See Boron and Neon.

___Boron (B 5) looks like Beryllium but with nine neutrons in orbit to give it an atomic weight of 10.18.
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-___Carbon (C 6) comprises six Deuterium atoms in a ring and is thus a member of the Hydrogen family. There are eighteen mass centers but six are co-located so the count is 12 which is its atomic weight. The six neutrons are no longer in orbit. They now exist, one each, in each of the six intersections and pin the normal Shells together. If one arranges four Shells in a horizontal plane with one on top and one on the bottom and presses them together, one has a diamond. If one bends the ring, one has amorphous carbon. See Oxygen.
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___Carbon Dioxide – Assume a vertical Carbon ring with an Oxygen atom on each side. Each Oxygen atom converts the orbiting energy of six of its neutrons to Ray which is known as heat. These six neutrons pin the Oxygen atom to the Carbon atom at their six intersections. See Oxygen.






___Nitrogen (N 7) comprises a normal Shell which contains thirteen neutrons in two orbits and one neutron co-located at the center of the normal Shell. See Oxygen. There are eight neutrons in the outer orbit and five in the inner orbit. This gives an atomic weight of 14.0067.

___Oxygen (O 8) comprises a normal Shell which contains fifteen neutrons. Eight neutrons are in an outer orbit and six are in an inner orbit. The last neutron bobs in and out of the mass center of the normal Shell. This makes the average count less than sixteen which gives it its atomic weight 15.9994. See Carbon dioxide.

___Water comprises three normal Shells; two are Hydrogen atoms and the middle one is an Oxygen atom. They can be in almost any arrangement from a straight line to a triangle. All three Shells can make unpinned intersections with other Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms. This enables them to make a thin coat of molecules on the top of a glass of water and no two snowflakes are alike.

___Fluorine (F 9) comprises a normal Shell which has three orbits. There are eight neutrons in the outer orbit, six neutrons in the middle orbit, and four neutrons in the inner orbit. The last neutrons bobs in and out of the mass center of the normal Shell. This makes the average count of mass centers less than nineteen which gives it its atomic weight 18.998403. See Oxygen.

___Neon (Ne 10) has two normal Shells pinned together with two neutrons in their intersection. Each Shell contains nine neutrons. Eight neutrons are in orbit and one is co-located at the center of the normal Shell. This gives an atomic weight 20.179. Neon looks like two Beryllium atoms pinned together.

___Sodium (Na 11) looks like a Neon atom but with nine orbiting neutrons in each normal Shell to give it its atomic weight of 22.98977.

___ Iron (Fe 26) comprises four Lithium atoms. There is a gyro in each of the four normal Shells and a gyro in each of the four intersections. There is a center of gravity in each of the four normal Shells and in each of the fifty-two neutrons for a total of fifty-six. Again, there is usually an axial neutron in one of the centers of gravity in the normal Shells. Thus the total count is less than fifty-six which gives an atomic weight of 55.847.
___These centers of gravity convert all incoming energy to Rays which exit in all directions. Assume for the moment that all four normal Shells are in a horizontal plane. When the gyros are so aligned, the Rays go to the geometric center of the Iron atom. Opposing Rays convert to Magno. The lines of Magno move upward and circle around to come into the bottom of the Iron atom and reconvert to Ray which leaves the top of the atom which is its North Pole. Hitting this small magnet disorients the gyros, and it loses some of its magnetic strength.

At this point, the reader can build his/her own atoms.

ATOM _0_DEFINITION

The AV model is a theory of everything. It covers Gods, our physical universe, which cycles from one Big Bang to the next, and life itself. To extend its coverage, these next articles will go inside the atom. While this is all logical guess work, it is guided in part by Issac Asimov’s book ‘The Neutrino’ and articles in Wikipedia.

The intent here is to use only the ideas in the AV model to explain what is happening in the world of particle physics. The ideas or fields in the AV model are: Space, Gravity, Ray, Kone, Electro, Magno, Spin, Shell, and Linear motion. There are three sizes of Shells: Normal, Small, and Smallest. These are known as Atom, Neutron, and subNeutron or Black Hole. Thus, there is the field of Space and ten other fields. These ten fields convert from one form to another with a small amount converting back to Space. We say entropy increases. Even though we are in an expansion period of a Big Bang cycle, local fields tend toward stability.

Our physical universe is a school and a teacher. Its purpose is to teach us how to reason logically. To do this, one must consider the event under examination, the instruments used to examine the event, and the interpretation of the results.

Let’s start with a definition of an atom.

Atom - A basic unit of matterconsisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutron). The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagetic force. The term matter traditionally refers to the substance that all objects are made of. Substance is a core concept of ontology and metaphysics. Ontology -- The branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of being. Metaphysics -- The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value.
Nuclide - A type of atom specified by its atomic number, atomic mass, and energy state, such as Carbon 14.

In this first confusing definition of an atom, if one removes the central nucleus, then one has a cloud of negatively charged electrons. What is this cloud and where is the energy in E=mc2?

Atom (AV) – A set of one or more normal Shells. The set may contain zero or more small Shells, i.e., neutrons, and each neutron may contain zero or more smallest Shells, i.e., subneutrons or black holes.