CARBON BRANCH

--------------FAMILY TREE OF ELEMENTS

-------------------- CARBON BRANCH

1 HYDROGEN H 1.00794
…..The main element is Hydrogen which is formed before the Big Bang and is the mother of all natural elements.

1 DEUTERIUM D 2.014
…..Deuterium is not in the periodic table. However, it has one orbit containing one orbiting Neutron.

…..Let’s now look at the six Shells elements derived from the Deuterium-Carbon branch of elements: CARBON, GERMANIUM, SELENIUM. INDIUM, CAESIUM, THALLIUM, and FRANCIUM.

6 CARBON C 12.0107
…..Carbon comprises six Deuterium atoms in a circular chain. The Neutrons that were in orbit are now in the six dual intersections. Place four of these Deuterium atoms in a horizontal plane with a Shell on top and a Shell on the bottom. Press them together and one has a diamond. Bend or twist this Carbon atom and one has Amorphous Carbon.

32 GERMANIUM Ge 72.63
…..Germanium is a Carbon atom with two orbits in each of its six normal Shells. There are eight Neutrons in the outer orbit and two Neutrons in the inner orbit (1+8+2=11x6=66+6=72).
…..Germanium is a brittle, crystalline, gray-white metalloid element. A metalloid is a nonmetallic element, such as carbon, that can form an alloy with metals.

34 SELENIUM Se 78.96
….Selenium is a Germanium atom with an extra Neutron in each of its six inner orbits (1+8+3=12x6=72+6=78). It appears that one of the center Neutrons goes into orbit some of the time so the atomic weight (AW) is 79. Selenium is a nonmetallic element, red in powder form, black in vitreous form, and metallic gray in crystalline form, resembling sulfur.

49 INDIUM In 114.818
….Indium comprises 6 normal Shells in a circle. There are 17 Neutrons orbiting in 3 orbits in each normal Shell (8+6+3=17x6=102). There is a Neutron in each center (6), and a Neutron pinning each Shell to the next normal Shell in the circle (6), (102+6+6=114).

55 CAESIUM Cs 132.9054
…..Caesium comprises 6 normal Shells in a circle. There are 20 Neutrons orbiting in 4 orbits in each normal Shell. There is a Neutron in each center, and a Neutron pinning each Shell to the next normal Shell in the circle (1+8+6+4+2=21x6=126+6=132).

81 THALLIUM Ti 204.3837
…..Thallium comprises two Carbon rings one on top of the other, i.e., 12 normal Shells in two circles. The two circles are offset by sixty degrees. There is a Neutron in each center (6x2=12). There is a Neutron pinning the Shells in a circle (6x2=12). Each top Shell is pinned to two of the bottom Shells (6x2=12). There are three orbits in each of the 12 normal Shells containing 14 orbiting Neutrons (8+4+2=14x12=168+36=204).

87 FRANCIUM Fr (223)
…..Francium comprises two Carbon rings one on top of the other, i.e., 12 normal Shells in two circles. The two circles are offset by sixty degrees. There is a Neutron in each center (6x2=12) which oddly enough seems to stay there. There is a Neutron pinning the Shells in a circle (6x2=12). Each top Shell is pinned to two of the bottom Shells (6x2=12). There are three orbits in each of the 12 normal Shells. The top six Shells contain sixteen orbiting Neutrons (8=6=2=16). One of the bottom Shells also contains sixteen orbiting Neutrons (8+6+2=16). The other five bottom Shells contain fifteen orbiting Neutrons (8+5+2=15),       (36+(16x7=112)+(15x5=75)=223).

SINGLE SHELL ELEMENTS

--------------FAMILY TREE OF ELEMENTS

------------------HYDROGEN BRANCH

…..Elements happen in a boiling caldron and should take a simple geometric figure. The Neutrons orbiting in a normal Shell probably have a balanced number: 8,6,4,and 2 in four different orbits.

1 HYDROGEN H 1.00794
…..The main element is Hydrogen which is formed before the Big Bang and is the mother of all natural elements. Hydrogen has (1) Neutron at its center most of the time. It can hold twenty orbiting Neutrons in four orbits, so let’s see what is missing in the periodic table.

1 DEUTERIUM D 2.014
…..As a reminder, Deuterium has a center Neutron and one orbiting Neutron (1+1 = 2).

3 LITHIUM Li 6.941
…..Lithium comprises (5) orbiting Neutrons in a Hydrogen atom. One (1) center Neutron moves in and out of the atom’s center and into orbit so the atomic weight (AW) is about 7 most of the time with five orbiting Neutrons at other times.
.....Lithium is an alkali metal. An alkali is a carbonate or hydroxide of an alkali metal, the aqueous solution of which is bitter, slippery, caustic, and characteristically basic in reactions.

4 BERYLLIUM Be 9.012182
…..Beryllium comprises (8) orbiting Neutrons in a Hydrogen atom. The center Neutron (1) remains mostly in the atom’s center, so the AW is about 9 most of the time.
…..Beryllium is an alkaline-Earth metal.

5 BORON B 10.811
…..Boron is a metalloid and comprises eight orbiting Neutrons in its outer orbit and one Neutron orbiting in its inner orbit. The center Neutron moves in and out of the center of the atom, so the AW is 11 some of the time (8+1+1=10)

7 NITROGEN N 14.0067
…..Nitrogen comprises 14 Neutrons in a Hydrogen atom. There are two orbits. The outer orbit contains eight Neutrons. The inner orbit contains five Neutrons. One Neutron is in the center of the atom most of the time (1+8+5=14).

8 OXYGEN O 15.9994
…..Oxygen comprises 15 Neutrons in a Hydrogen atom. There are two orbits. The outer orbit contains eight Neutrons. The inner orbit contains six Neutrons. The center Neutron moves into its own orbit so the AW is 16 some of the time (1+8+6=15).

9 FLUORINE F 18.9984032
….Fluorine comprises three orbits in a Hydrogen atom. There are eight Neutrons in the outer orbit. There are six Neutrons in the middle orbit. There are three Neutrons in the inner orbit. The center Neutron moves in and out of the center so the AW is 19 some of the time (1+8+6+3=18). Fluorine is a halogen or nonmetallic element.

However, some elements are missing from the periodic table witch have a single Shell with Neutrons in one or more orbits, (H, D, 3,4,5, Li, 7, 8, Be, B, 11,12, 13, Ni, O, 16, 17, F, 19, 20). Why?

Noble Gases

-------------------------FAMILY TREE OF ELEMENTS

-----------------------------DEUTERIUM BRANCH

---------------------------------NOBLE GASES

…..The noble gases make a group of chemical elements with similar properties. Under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six noble gases that occur naturally are Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), and the radioactive Radon (Rn).

1 HYDROGEN H 1.00794
…..The main element is Hydrogen which is formed before the Big Bang and is the mother of all natural elements.

1 DEUTERIUM D 2.014
…..Deuterium is not in the periodic table. However, it has one orbit containing one orbiting Neutron. We are now going to look at the noble gases which are an extended branch of Deuterium.

2 HELIUM He 4.002802
…..A Helium atom comprises two deuterium atoms pressed together so that their orbiting Neutrons cease to orbit and remain in their intersection. It takes energy to remove them. When one pushes two balls together, there is a dip in the surface at the intersection. Such is not the case with Helium. The pinning Neutrons smooth out this dip and their magnetic fields interlace to prevent interactions with other atoms.

10 NEON Ne 20.1797
…..Neon starts with a Helium atom. The two normal Shells have a Neutron at their centers are pinned together by two Neutrons as stated above and each contains eight Neutrons in a single orbit
((1+8) x2=18+2=20). Think of the orbits as being perpendicular to the viewer.

18 ARGON Ag 39.945
…..Argon comprises two Helium atoms side-by-side. There is a single Neutron in each center of the four normal Shells. There is a single orbit in each of the four normal Shells each containing 7 orbiting Neutrons (4+4x7=32). There is 1 Neutron in each of the two dual intersections. There are 2 Neutrons in two of the dual intersections that make the Helium atoms and 1 Neutron in their common intersection (2+4+1=7).

36 Krypton Kr 83.798
…..Krypton comprises a Hydrogen atom pressed between two Helium atoms. Think of an Argon atom with a Hydrogen atom at its center instead of a single Neutron. Each normal outer Shell contains a center Neutron plus three orbits. Each of the outer orbits contains 8 Neutrons. Each of the middle orbits contains 6 Neutrons. Each of the inner orbits contains 3 Neutrons ((1+8+6+3) x 4=72) The Hydrogen Shell has a center Neutron and is pinned to each of the 4 normal Shells (5). There is 1 Neutron in each of the two dual intersections (2).There are 2 Neutrons in two of the dual intersections that make the Helium atoms (4). When a center Neutron goes into orbit, the AW is 84. Krypton is an inert radioactive noble gas with a half-life of 10.76 years.

54 XENON Xe 131.293
…..Xenon comprises nine normal Shells. Think of two Argon atoms one on top of the other but offset by 45 degrees with a Hydrogen atom at their center between the two Argon atoms. There is a Neutron in the center of each of the nine normal Shells (9). There are two orbits in each of the eight normal outer Shells. There are 8 Neutrons in each of the outer orbits and 4 Neutrons in each of the inner orbits ((8+4=12 x 8 = 96). Each of the four top Shells is pinned to two of the bottom Shells (2x4=8). The center Shell is pinned to four of the top shells and two of the bottom Shells (4+2=6). Six Neutrons pin the top four normal Shells and likewise for the bottom four (6x2=12). Xenon like Krypton is a trace gas in earth’s atmosphere.

86 RADON Rn 222.
…..Radon comprises three layers of Helium atoms, two per layer, i.e., 12 normal Shells, with a Hydrogen atom trapped between each layer. Each of the 12 normal Shells in the Helium atoms contains two orbits. There are 8 Neutrons in each of the outer orbits and 6 Neutrons in each of the inner orbits ((1+8+6 =15 x12=180). There are (16) Neutrons pinning the three layers together. There are (18) Neutrons pinning the Helium atoms together. Each Hydrogen atom has a center Neutron and is pinned to 3 normal Shells (4x2=8).

…..One expects these last three gasses to break down into the first three gasses since the later five are Helium products.

Radioactive decay is the process by which an atomic nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy. Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle (Helium nucleus).

Asteroid Belt and Comets

My AV model says that before our sun gave birth to our nine planets, it gave birth to two large planets. The two explosions in the sun were caused by two groups of sub-Neutrons on opposite sides of the sun. Each formed its own center of gravity and they caused explosions similar to those that later gave birth of Saturn and Jupiter. The main difference was that in these two explosions, many sub-Neutrons left the sun with each gaseous cloud of Hydrogen gas. These sub-Neutrons then formed the center of gravity for each of these two new planets. In so doing, they accelerated the evolution of both planets. As the two clouds moved outward, they began to rotate about their own axes and act like gyroscopes. Gravity finally stopped their outward movement and began to move them toward the sun. The clouds began to move perpendicular to the force of Gravity and went into orbit. Their sub-Neutrons increased the force of Gravity and the Hydrogen atoms began to explode at a faster rate. Most free Neutrons went into other Hydrogen atoms to make heavier elements. Some free Neutrons went into the center to help the compression process. The result was a molten iron and nickel core and a dense rock outer coat orlayer. The process continued and the two planets exploded sending debris in all directions. Think of an XYZ coordinate system at the center of each explosion. The minus X axis is toward the sun. Most if not all of the mass headed for the sun continued until it hit the sun and was reprocessed. The plus Y direction was in the direction of their orbits. The material going in the minus Y direction came to a halt and fell into the sun. The material going in the plus Y direction kept going along its orbit until it ran into the material from the other planet. This debris became our asteroid belt. Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Juno are large rocks in this belt. The thickness of the belt is determined by the debris in the Z directions. The debris that went in the plus X direction when into deep space and became comets. Gravity returned each piece and most went into elongated elliptical orbits. As a comet approaches the sun, it is hit by Rays emanating from the sun. Upon hitting the comet's material, Rays convert to light and Linear-motion. This Linear-motion is always away from the sun and gives the comet its tail. After a comet circles the sun, it begins to catch its tail debris as it moves into deep space.

FAT MAN AND LITTLE BOY

94 Plutonium PU 244
92 Uranium U 238.028991

..Let’s start with Uranium 235 which was used in Little Boy. Let’s
begin with a Helium atom that has two neutrons pinning its intersection.
Now add another Helium atom beside it and pin their normal Shells
together with two Neutrons. Add another pair of Helium atoms. Put one
pair on top and the other on the bottom and rotate it forty five
degrees. Pin these pairs together with eight Neutrons. This makes
twenty pinning Neutrons.

..Add a Hydrogen atom in the center of these eight Normal Shells and pin
them together with eight Neutrons. The center Neutron brings the count
up to nine.

..Now add a Hydrogen atom on top and a Hydrogen atom on the bottom. Pin
them each with four Neutrons.

..Let there be twenty one Neutrons in each of the Normal Shells of the
Helium atoms. Twenty Neutrons are in four orbits (8,6,4,2), and one
Neutron is in the center of each of these Normal Shells (21x8).

..Let there be fifteen Neutrons in each of the top and bottom atoms.
Fourteen are in orbit (8,4,2), and one is in the center of each of
these two Normal Shells.

..This brings the total number of Neutrons to 235
{20+9+8 + (21x8) + (15x2)}.

..The aim then is to fire Neutrons into this pile of Uranium, and send
the above Neutrons going in all directions. They may even leave one
atom and move into another setting off a chain reaction. The end
result is to have two or more Neutrons hit each other and cause an
unSpinning. This nuclear reaction will cause the normal Shells to
compact and unSpin. The size of the explosion depends on the amount
of Uranium. In any case, it’s the same as Gravity compressing the
Hydrogen atoms in the sun. Also, the unSpinning of a Shell is
independent of its size.

..Fat Man was a little different. They used a steel sphere. The inside
was lined with explosives like TNT. The Plutonium was in the center.
The aim was to set off all of the explosives at the same time so that the
inward pressure was enormous. This would compress the normal Shells
and cause them to unSpin. Again, it’s the same as Gravity compressing
the Hydrogen atoms in the sun.

NEW WORLD

NEW ELEMENTS

ASTRONAUTS

Astronauts came to our solar system many years ago. They set off
nuclear explosions deep in the third planet that converted a zillion
normal Shells into Space and other fields before they left. Planet
Earth began to wobble as it continued to orbit the sun. To stop this
strange movement, cracks developed in the crust and large sections of
masses began to move. Many sections crashed into each other to form
mountains while other sections just drifted apart. Active volcanoes
appeared all over the crust and in the resulting cracks between the
shifting masses. Part of the material that left the Earth hit its moon.
Other pieces went into space to return at a later date as meteorites.

NEW ELEMENTS

3..LITHIUM..Li__6.941

Lithium comprises five orbiting Neutrons in a Hydrogen atom (5+1) x 1.
The center Neutron moves in and out of the atom’s center and into orbit
so the atomic weight is about 7 most of the time with an orbit of five
Neutrons at other times.

4..BERYLLIUM..Be__9.012182

Beryllium comprises eight orbiting Neutrons in a Hydrogen atom
(8+1) x 1.

5..BORON..B__10.811

Boron comprises eight orbiting Neutrons in its outer orbit and one
Neutron orbiting in its inner orbit (8+1+1) x 1. The center Neutron
moves in and out of the center of the atom, so the AW is 11 some of
the time.

7..NITROGEN..N__14.0067

Nitrogen comprises 14 Neutrons in a Hydrogen atom. There are two
orbits. The outer orbit contains eight Neutrons. The inner orbit
contains five Neutrons (8+5+1) x 1. One Neutron is in the center
of the atom most of the time.

8..OXYGEN..O__15.9994

Oxygen comprises 15 Neutrons in a Hydrogen atom. There are two orbits.
The outer orbit contains eight Neutrons. The inner orbit contains six
Neutrons (8+6+1) x 1. The center Neutron moves into its own orbit so
the AW is 16 some of the time.

9..FLUORINE..F__18.9984032

Fluorine comprises three orbits in a Hydrogen atom. There are eight
Neutrons in the outer orbit. There are six Neutrons in the middle
orbit. There are three Neutrons in the inner orbit (8+6+3+1) x 1.
The center Neutron moves in and out of the center so the AW is 19
some of the time.

11..SODIUM..Na__22.98978

Sodium comprises three Lithium atoms pressed together in a triangle.
There is a Neutron in each of the three centers. There is one Neutron
in their common intersection. There is a Neutron in each of their
three dual intersections. Each normal Shell has five Neutrons in orbit
{[(5+1) +1] x 3 +1}. One of the center Neutrons goes into orbit some
of the time so the AW is 23.

17..CHLORINE..Cl__35.453

Chlorine has two orbits in each of its 3 normal Shells. It has seven
Neutrons in its outer orbit and two Neutrons in its inner orbit. Each
of the three dual intersections has a Neutron. Their common intersection
has two Neutrons pinning them all together {[(7+2+1) +1] x 3 +2}.

The main element at this time is Oxygen. Oxygen combines with the Carbon
masses to form Carbon dioxide which covers the planet.

UNSTABLE ELEMENTS

An unstable element is one like Oxygen in which the highly active
Neutrons follow their own unpredictable paths or orbits, make contact
with other like Neutrons, and go any which way. They make contact with
stable elements and cover themselves with these stable elements to
produce one of three results.

A zero result is one in which the unstable element covers itself
completely so that there is no opening. As such, it remains dormant
for this discussion.
A one result is one in which the unstable element covers itself
completely except that there is one opening. These elements evolve
in to animals of all kinds.
A two result is one in which the unstable element covers itself
completely except that there is two openings. These elements evolve
into plants of all kinds.

At this stage in the evolution of the planet Earth, the involved
plants are like algae. They use photosynthesis to converts carbon
dioxide into organic compounds using the energy from sunlight. The
released Oxygen rises in the sky to combine with Hydrogen to make
water. It rains all over the planet. The water runs into the cracks
where it converts to steam to rise into the sky. This rain cycle
slowly cools the planet. Over time, the water begins to collect in
the cracks and form oceans. As it does so, the Sodium Chloride
washes into the water to make it salty.

With the advent of water, mosses and other plants followed in the
evolution process above and below the water line. Insects followed
to eat the plants and each other. Herbivores were followed by
omnivores and the carnivores were last. With vast amount of available
food, these animals grew to great sizes giving rise to the age of
dinosaurs.

DUST

While life continued to expand on the planet, dust continued to
collect in the upper atmosphere. There was dust from the original
explosion. There was dust from the many volcanos and dust from the
returning meteorites. The volcanos were the main and continuous
contributors. As the dust accumulated, the sky grew dark. As the
plants began to die, so did the animals. However, the rain continued.
Over time, the Earth cooled, the volcanoes stopped and the rain began
to bring the dust down to Earth. As the sunlight began to reach the
soil, life began and the age of mammals began.

PLANET EARTH

BASIC ELEMENTS

Many free Neutrons in our sun caused an explosion that sent two masses of
Hydrogen atoms into space to become our planet with its moon. Their outward
Linear-motions were opposed by the incoming Gravity, and these energies
converted to Spin for both the large and small masses. When the masses
stopped their outward motions, they became gyros. The inward force of
gravity caused the masses to move perpendicular to the direction of the
force of gravity. In time, one mass went into orbit about the sun and
became our planet Earth. The smaller mass went into orbit about Earth and
became our moon. Gravity continued to compress the Hydrogen atoms and the
inner cores began to glow due to the unSpinning of the atoms, i.e., nuclear
explosions. However, the processes were smaller and slower in both masses.

1..HYDROGEN..H__1.00794
1..DEUTERIUM..D__2.0141
2..HELIUM..He__4.002802

Hydrogen converted to Deuterium which converted to Helium. Hydrogen is a
normal Shell with a Neutron at it center. Deuterium is a Hydrogen atom with
a Neutron in orbit about its center. Helium occurs when two Deuterium atoms
are pressed together and the orbiting Neutrons remain in their intersection
and pin them together.

21..SCANDIUM..Sc__44.955912

Scandium comprises four normal Hydrogen Shells. Each Shell contains
two orbits with eight Neutrons in the outer orbit and one Neutron in the
inner orbit [(8+1+1) x 4]. There is a Neutron in each of the four dual
intersections (40+4). It appears a center Neutron goes into orbit from time
to time to make the AW 45.

22..TITANIUMN..Ti__47.887

Titanium comprises a Hydrogen atom trapped between two Helium atoms.
Each of the four outer Helium Shells contains two orbits. There are
six Neutrons in the outer orbit and two Neutrons in the inner orbit
([6+2 +1] x 4). A pair of Neutrons pin the two Helium atoms together
(2+4). The Hydrogen atom is pinned to each of the four outer normal
Helium Shells (4+1).

23..VANADIUM..V__50.9415

Vanadium comprises two Helium atoms with two orbits in each normal Shell.
The outer Shell contains eight orbiting Neutrons. The inner Shell contains
two orbiting Neutrons ([8+2+1] x 4). There is a single Neutron in each of
the new dual intersections (4+2).

24..CHROMIUM..Cr__51.9961

chromium is a Titanium atom with seven Neutrons in the outer orbit in each
of the four normal Shells ([7+2+1] x4) + (2+4) + (4+1).

25..MANGANESE..Mn__54.938045

Manganese comprises two Helium atoms pressed together. Each normal Shell
has Neutrons in two orbits. There are eight Neutrons in the outer orbit
and three neutrons in the inner orbit ([8+3+1] x 4). There is a single
Neutron in each of the two dual intersections (2+4).

26..IRON..Fe__55.845

Iron is like Titanium. Iron comprises five normal Shells. In the four
outer Shells there are two orbits. The outer obit contains eight Neutrons.
The inner orbit contains two Neutrons ([8+2+1] x 4 ). A pair of Neutrons
pin the two Helium atoms together (2+4). The Hydrogen atom is pinned to
each of the four outer normal Helium Shells (4+1).

When the orbits are perpendicular, they send opposing Rays to the center.
These Rays convert to Magno. The field of Magno has fields leaving the
North Pole and returning in the South Pole. These returning lines of Magno
convert to Ray which leaves by the North Pole.

28..NICKEL..Ni__58.8934

Nickel is like Manganese except that there are four Neutrons in the inner
orbit of all four normal Shells ([8+4 +1] x 4). There is a single Neutron
in each of the two dual intersections that pin the Helium atoms
together (2+4).

6..CARBON..C__12.0107

The above elements make up the core of the planet Earth. The main element
in the crust’s outer layer is Carbon. Carbon comprises six Deuterium atoms
in a circular chain. The Neutrons that were in orbit are now in the six
dual intersections.

Place four of these Deuterium atoms in a horizontal plane with a Shell on
top and a Shell on the bottom. Press them together and one has a diamond.
Bend or twist this Carbon atom and one has Amorphous Carbon.

The surface of the planet is covered with hydrocarbons such as coal. Above
the surface are methane (CH4) and ethane (CH6). Above these gasses are
Helium and Hydrogen which also permeate the whole planet.

There is no life on the planet.

OUR SUN

THREE SUN ELEMENTS

1..HYDROGEN..H__1.00794

SHELL

To visualize a Shell, think of a small bar magnet. Rotate this bar magnet
in the vertical plane at the speed of light. Now, rotate this bar magnet
in the horizontal plane at the speed of light. Now, reduce the length of
the bar magnet to zero. One now has a mass of one, i.e. m=1.

The energy in this Shell is given by Einstein’s equation, E=mcc. The
letter c represents the speed of light, and c squared pertains to the
rotational energy, i.e., Spin, in the vertical and horizontal planes.

At each North Pole, each line of Magno exits to loop around and
re-enter a nearby South Pole. These magnetic loops are tightly packed
next to each other and go in all directions.

During a compression period before a ‘Big Bang’, the process that creates
a Shell is the same for all three sizes. The small Shell or ‘Neutron’ is
created in a normal Shell. The smallest Shell (sub-Neutron) is created in
a small Shell. Shells are very small and not much bigger than points.

At one time, people believed our planet was flat. Now they think in a
straight line. Such is not the case, Our physical universe cycles from one
Big Bang to the next. All Shells including Hydrogen atoms are created
during the compression period before a Big Bang. Hydrogen comprises a small
Shell inside a Normal Shell. Sub-Hydrogen comprises a smallest Shell, i.e.,
sug-Neutron, inside a small Shell, i.e., Neutron.

ATOMIC WEIGHT

When the centers of Shells co-exist, they count as one. When their centers
are offset, they count as two. Thus the average atomic weight of Hydrogen
is 1.00794, which indicates the centers are mostly co-existing.

For an atomic weight, the whole number indicates the number of involved
Neutrons. The fraction indicates the degree of co-location between the
center of a Neutron and its normal Shell center.

In a star (our sun) Gravity compresses the Hydrogen atoms to the state
where they cannot move. At this point, a Hydrogen atom unSpins and
reconverts to Space and other fields. The explosion forces Neutrons into
other normal Shells, i.e., atoms. The involved fields are: Space, Gravity,
Ray, Kone, Electro, Magno, Spin, Shell, and Linear-motion. There are three
sizes of Shells: Normal, Small, and Smallest, or Atom, Neutron, and
sub-Neutron.

1..DEUTERIUM..D__2.0141

Deuterium is an isotope of Hydrogen. Deuterium is a Hydrogen atom with
an orbiting Neutron. It is illogical to say this second Neutron lies dormant
in the center with all of the energy available to move it. There are no
protons or electrons per se. The atomic number (1) is the above left number.
Hydrogen is in a periodic table. Deuterium is not in the periodic table.

2..HELIUM..He__4.002802

A Helium atom comprises two deuterium atoms pressed together so that their
orbiting neutrons cease to orbit and remain in their intersection. It takes
energy to remove them.

SOLAR WIND

A star converts many Hydrogen atoms to Space and other fields. Some Hydrogen
atoms capture Neutrons to make Deuterium. However, many Neutrons are blown
out of the sun by these nuclear explosions. Gravity eventually stops their
outward motion, and most Neutrons orbit the sun and eventually fall back
into the sun. Some Neutrons fall toward planets. The mass of a Neutron is
no different than the mass of a planet, i.e., mass is mass.

GRAVITY

Look at the Hydrogen atom in a book. Remove the Neutron and assume an
electron in orbit. Where is the energy in E=mcc????
..Return the Neutron to the center. Where or what in an atom gives it the
power to create a field of gravity that reaches across the universe and
attracts another atom????
..Assume a vast reaching gravity field for an atom. Convert the atom to
energy. What happens to the gravity field? If it vanishes, then it does so
faster than light. If it doesn’t, then one has a gravity field with no
associated mass??
..Look at a sheet of polar graph paper. The radial lines represent the
incoming lines of Gravity. The circles represent the outgoing expanding
spheres of Space.
..Up to now, our scientific community has ignored Space, Kone, Ray, and
the smallest Shell, i.e., sub-Neutron. And, all of them have the wrong
idea about the field of Gravity. There is no action at a distance or
space-time warp.

ELECTRON-EM-DL

In the AV model, part of the incoming energy converts to Ray at a Shell’s
center. Ray is one dimensional. Ray moves from the center of a normal Shell
to its surface and converts to Space. This conversion creates a local
disturbance we call an Electron. As Ray rotates inside a Shell, so does
the electron. Humans are on the outside of a Shell and the electron appears
negative. Ray also passes through the Neutron at its Shell’s center and
creates a local disturbance. This local disturbance appears positive to
humans because we are on the same side as Ray. A proton is a neutron with
a positive charge.
..The same process in a Neutron within an atom produces a stream of
electro-magnetic energy at the surface of the Neutron. This EM energy rides
outward on the expanding spheres of Space. A photon pertains to a single
point of EM energy or a short quanta. A photon has no mass.
..The same process in a sub-Neutron within a Neutron produces a stream of
Kone-Magno energy, known as dark light (D-L), at the surface of the
sub-Neutron. Our eyes did not evolve to detect this D-L energy.

SUN SPOTS

Sun spots are acres of sub-Hydrogen elements on the surface of the sun.
Rays and EM radiation coming from inside the sun convert to DL by these
elements. Larger collections of such sub-elements produce black holes.

ATOMIC NUMBER

The atomic number (1 for Hydrogen) is also the proton number. For Deuterium,
the atomic number is also 1. The orbiting Neutron is independent of the
rotating Ray. The atomic number is 2 for Helium. Ray does not pass through
the pinned Neutrons. The mass number is the number of centers in an atom,
i.e., normal Shell.

PLANETS

The sun can produce other elements, but the concern here is with those
produced in a planet. In the turmoil within the sun, Gravity forces all
Shells into the center. However, the smaller Hydrogen atoms work their way
under the Helium atoms thus pushing them outwards. Some of the free Neutrons
and sub-Neutrons collect together, form their own local center of gravity,
and cause their own nuclear explosions sending large sets of matter into
space to form planets. Accretion does not form planets. The center of a
planet is like the center of a star, i.e., the force of gravity is still
at work, but the conversion process is smaller and slower.

SOLAR STORMS

The nuclear explosions that produce the planets continue as the Neutrons and
sub-Neutrons move deeper into the sun. They have their own magnetic fields
and expend most of their energies in getting their local mass to the surface.
The result is a large plume that erupts like a volcano.

ORBITS

..Moons orbit planets and rotate about their own axis.
..Planets orbit suns and rotate about their own axis.
..Our sun orbits our galaxy which rotates about its own axis.
''Galaxies orbit the center of our universe and rotate about their own axis.

Now think about a normal Shell. It is part of these rotations. Now go
inside a normal Shell.
..Neutrons are in orbit and rotate about their own axis. Go inside again.
..Sub-Neutrons are in orbit and rotate about their own axis.
Looking into space gives one a model for looking into an atom.
Again, mass is mass.

AN END

While the above nuclear actions are going on, Gravity will continue to move
the free Neutrons and sub-Neutrons toward the center of the Sun. When they
arrive in enough quantity, there will be a large explosion known as a super
nova. Trillions of people living on the Earth will cease to be. This is
not a disaster. The illogical Beings will awake in ‘The Universe’. If they
have not learned to reason logically, they will reenter another or the same
school for another try.

This ends the discussion of elements in the sun.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Some background information is needed to understand this principle by Werner Heisenberg.

Magnetic Bar
Imagine a small iron bar. As opposing Rays hit the atoms, they convert to Magno. The lines of Magno leave one end of the bar and circle around to enter the other end of the bar. We call this field a magnetic field. The incoming magnetic lines combine into a perpendicular Ray, this new Ray leaves the bar at the other end. In the AV model, we call this exit end the North pole, and the other incoming end is the South pole. The magnetic field acts as a catalyst so incoming opposing Rays can convert to a perpendicular outgoing Ray.

Test for Ray
Firmly set two bar magnets about two inches off a flat surface. Arrange the opposing poles about three inches apart. Now slowly slide a radiometer between the opposing poles so that the vanes on one side of the vertical pivot pole are between the magnetic poles and watch it turn.
If the vanes do not turn, slide the radiometer in from the other side. Rays leave the North pole and heads for the South pole. When Rays hit the black vanes, they will convert to Linear motion and cause them to rotate.

Shells
There are three sizes of Shells known as: Atom, Neutron, and subNeutron. They are the same except for their sizes.

Atoms
Imagine a small magnetic bar. Let it rotate in a vertical plane at the speed of light. Magnetic lines leaving the North pole loop back to South pole. These loops are like piles in a carpet. Now rotate the bar in a horizontal plane at the speed of light. Now reduce the length of the bar to zero so that nothing but the piles remain. This is a mass of one and is known as an atom. The piles form a near continuous surface which in the AV model is a Shell. The perpendicular rotations at the speed of light represent the c squared in Einstein's equation,
E = mcc.

Neutrons
During a compression period of our cyclic school, i.e., physical universe, a similar type spinning produces an atom. The early atoms soon reconvert to Space, but eventually some begin to endure. When this happens, the process repeats itself inside these atoms to produce neutrons. There is one neutron per atom, and we call them Hydrogen atoms.

SubNeutrons
When a Hydrogen atom reconverts to Space during a compression period, the neutron becomes free. When this happens, the process repeats itself inside the neutron to produce a subNeutron. We could call this unit a subHydrogen atom.

Free Units
It is possible to have Shells with no inner Shells. For example, a subHydrogen neutron reconverts to Space leaving the subNeutron free. A black hole is a large collection of subNeutrons. They assure that everything will reconvert to Space eventually.

Electron
At a mass center during an expansion period, incoming, opposing radial lines of Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space. Unopposed incoming radial lines of Gravity convert to Linear motion. In addition, there is a small conversion to Ray. Ray moves from the center to the surface and reconverts to Space. This creates a local disturbance on the surface. As Ray rotates within the atom, the local disturbance also rotates. It appears to orbit the center, and we call it an electron. The electron appears negative because Ray is on the other side.

Light E-M
Repeat this process for a neutron inside and atom. In this case, the Ray does not convert to Space because of the high density of fields that define the atom. Ray converts to a point about which oscillates the fields of Electro and Magno, i.e., the electromagnetic field. We call this point a photon. It has no mass. Gravity cannot affect it. The photon moves outward an expanding sphere of Space like a surfer riding a wave. The unopposed incoming lines of Gravity convert to Spin.
Part of this Spin causes the neutron to obit in the atom. Part of this Spin rotates the Ray within the neutron. There may be more than one rotating Ray. Looking at the neutron, the light, or stream of photons, appears to be an expanding in a spiral.
The amount of energy in a photon depends on the amount of incoming energy or fields. The release of a single photon in a given direction is rare.

Light D-L
Repeat this process for a subneutron inside a neutron. In this case, Ray converts to a point about which oscillates the fields of Kone and Magno. Our eyes did not evolve to detect this light so we call it Dark-Light. There are dark-light suns and planets. Sun spots are an example of dark-light.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The position and momentum of a particle cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrarily high precision.

Now consider an atom surrounded by other atoms. This atom of interest is generating expanding spheres of Space and is surrounded by similar Space generating atoms. In addition, it is in a sea of Rays and magnetic fields, some of which attract and some repel. Unopposed lines of incoming Gravity are also trying to move the atom. To measure a position, one needs a steady permanent point of reference, and there are none.

Momentum equals mass times velocity. Mass pertains to the number of Shell centers in an object. For example, a Hydrogen atom normally has two centers, but when co-located at the center, they count as one. On average, they count as 1.00797 which is its atomic weight. But for any given Hydrogen atom, there could be zero or more subneutrons. In addition, Ray can hit the center of the atom from any direction and change its velocity. Unopposed lines of incoming Gravity are also trying to move the atom.

ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES

In the AV model, there are no electrostatic charges.
To understand this, let's review the Hydrogen atom.
At its center, incoming opposing lines of Gravity
convert to expanding spheres of Space. Unopposed
lines of incoming Gravity convert to Linear motion.

As a carryover from the compression period, some
of the Gravity converts to Ray. This Ray goes to the
survace and converts to Space. This conversion
creates a disturbance on the surface of the Shell.
As Ray rotates, this disturbance orbits the center
of the Shell. A viewer on the outside sees this
disturbance and calls it an electron. It is given a
negative value because the viewer is on the other
side of Ray. Likewise, the neutron in the center is
given a positive value because the viewer is on the
same side as Ray.

In the AV model, everything is now converting to
Space. This is a slow process because Space is
also converting to Gravity, and some Gravity is still
converting to Space. As the number of mass
centers decrease, the amount of new Space being
created diminishes. In general, everything attempts
to maintain a steady state.

Let's now look at an atom with four neutrons in orbit
about its center. In its stable state, Ray goes to the
surface and converts to Space.

Now add energy to this system. As Ray enters, it
converts to Spin and the neutrons orbit faster. To
return to its stable state, these neutrons slowly
convert their extra Spin to Rays. These Rays go to
the surface and convert to Space. These Rays also
create a disturbance on the surface of the Shell.
Again, the observer is on the opposite side of these
Rays and the disturbances appear negative. One
says the Shell has a negative electrostatic charge.

Now consider the case where the four neutrons
are at the center of the atom or normal Shell. In this
case, Rays enter the Shell, but they still create
local disturbances on the surface of the Shell.
As more Rays enter, the neutrons begin to orbit
the center and return to their normal state. Before
this, however, the surface appears to have a
positive electrostatic charge.

It is said that opposite charges attract each other
while like charges repel each other. To test this
repel belief, one needs to remove one of the gold
leaves fron an electroscope and touch it with a
charged rod. The leaf should not move.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroscope

ANTIMATER

What is antimatter?

We know that matter comprises what physicists
call particles: electrons, protons and neutrons.
If one sticks an 'anti-' in front of each of these
particles, then one has antimatter. But, does
antimater exist?

In the AV model, our physical universe is a
school, and its purpose is to teach us how
to reason logically. This school cycles from
one Big Bang to the next. So, does it make
sense to include antimatter which will hasten
the cyclic process? It is like building a large
school and setting one part on fire!

In the AV model, there is no electron per se.
However, there are the folloing fields which
no scientist talks about: Space, Kone, Ray,
subNeutron, plus Gravity is going in the wrong
direction. So, since pieces are missing, antimatter
may be just an idea to explain the unexplainable.

For example, assume a set of subNeutrons in a
small verticle circle with a Hydrogen atom on each
side. Gravity pushes the Neutrons in the two atoms
toward the circle's center. Gravity also pushes the
two centers of the atoms toward the circle's center.

While this is happening, the fields of the two atoms
or normal shells keep spinning between the
Neutrons and subNeutrons. Assume they are both
spinning clockwise. This means they are spinning
in opposite directions at the circle's center. If the
pressure is too great and the fields cannot spin,
then they will unSpin and convert the two normal
Shells to Space and other fields.

However, since the scientist is not looking for
a subNeutron, the scientist will not see it, and
antimatter becomes a good guess.

THERMODYNAMICS

First law of thermodynamics

In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same.
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms.

In my articles, there is the field of Space and ten other fields. These ten
fields I call energy fields. However, energy is not a property of our physical
universe. Energy is the capacity to do work. Work is the ability to transfer
one field to another field. The common view involves moving a mass from
one point to another point or converting the mass to other fields, e = m cc.

As I have defined my physical universe, it is a self contained set of
interacting ideas. It starts as an ideal of a position, a point. Adding more
spheres of points produces our Space field, which contracts to a Big Bang.
Our physical universe cycles from one Big Bang to the next. As such,
nothing enters or leaves this universe. It is self contained, so the total
energy remains the same.

Second law of thermodynamics

The entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase
over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

For a closed thermodynamic system, entropy is a quantitative measure
of the amount of thermal energy not available to do work. Also, it is a
measure of the disorder or randomness in a closed system.

This says Space is expanding and everything else is reconverting to Space.
When Space reaches its limit, it will start a contraction period toward another
Big Bang.

Note: Viewed from The Universe, which is nonphysical, our physical universe
has a physical size of zero all of the time.

Third law of thermodynamics

As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system
approaches a constant minimum.

This defines the conditions for the start of another contraction of our
physical universe as it cycles from one Big Bang to the next.

STRONG FORCE

"The strong interaction is observable in two areas: On the larger
scale, it is the force that binds protons and neutrons together to
form the nucleus of an atom. On the smaller scale, it is also the
force that holds quarks and gluons together to form the proton,
the neutron and other particles."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

Strong nuclear force: Unlike Gravity and electromagnetism, the
strong nuclear force is a short distance force that takes place
between fundamental particles within a nucleus. It is charge
independent and acts equally between a proton and a proton, a
neutron and a neutron, and a proton and a neutron.

The strong nuclear force is the strongest force in nature;
however, its range is small (acting only over distances of the
order of 10-15 m) In the AV model, there is no strong force.
The protons and neutrons are not bound together.

In an atom, neutrons absorb energy and convert this energy to
Spin or orbital energy. Just before the Big Bang, the atoms,
neutrons, and subneutrons were all rotating at an enormous rate.
There is nothing in the AV model to stop this rotation.

The physical universe cycles from one Big Bang to the next. The
galaxies cycle around the center of the universe. Planets circle a
sun. Why bind neutrons together in an atom?

It appears scientists may have Gravity going the wrong way. They
know nothing a the fields of Space, Kone, Ray and subNeutron. They
may not know how new elements are made by the pinning together of
atoms nor about subelements. So, what they say about particle
physics is beyond the AV model.

WEAK FORCE

Weak nuclear force: The weak nuclear force appears only in
certain nuclear processes like ß decay of a nucleus, in which
the nucleus emits a ß particle and an uncharged particle
called a neutrino. Both the strong and weak forces form
an important part of quantum mechanics.

"Most of the radionuclides used in a biomedical research
environment are beta emitters. Beta particles are high energy
electrons, either negatively or positively charged, that are
emitted from an unstable nucleus. A positively charged beta
is usually referred to as a positron and a negatively charged
beta can be referred to as a negatron."
http://muldoonshealthphysicspage.com/beta_particle_radiation.htm

"A neutrino (Italian pronunciation: [neu'tri?no], meaning
"small neutral one"; English pronunciation: /nju?'tri?no?/) is
an elementary particle that usually travels close to the speed
of light, is electrically neutral, and is able to pass
through ordinary matter almost unaffected. This makes neutrinos
extremely difficult to detect. Neutrinos have a very small, but
nonzero mass. They are denoted by the Greek letter ? (nu)."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

"The energy of the sun, all-important for life on earth, is
produced when hydrogen fuses or burns into helium in a chain
of nuclear reactions occurring in the interior of the sun.
The first reaction in this chain, the transformation of
hydrogen into heavy hydrogen (deuterium), is caused by the
weak force. Without this force solar energy production would
not be possible"
http://www-project.slac.stanford.edu/e158/weakforce.html

It is responsible for the radioactive decay of subatomic
particles and begins the process known as nuclear fusion.

The weak force causes the atom to break up into smaller
atoms and particles releasing electromagnetic energy.
Some of the atom's mass has been transformed into energy.
://emandpplabs.nscee.edu/cool/temporary/doors/forces/weakforce/weakforce.htm

In the AV model, there is no weak force, Beta radiation,
or neutrino.

In the sun, Gravity forces Hydrogen atoms deep into the center
of the sun. An atom is a normal Shell. The locked fields in an
atom are spinning at a fast rate. When the pressure is so great
that they cannot Spin, they unSpin. These fields reconvert to
Space, light, and Ray. We sense Ray as heat. Ray is probably the
neutrino.

The neutron that was in such a Hydrogen atom is forced into another
Hydrogen atom, and it becomes Deuterium or heavy Hydrogen. When two
Deuterium atoms are pressed together, they become Helium. Helium
works its way away from the center of the sun as Hydrogen atoms
work their way to the center under the influence of Gravity.

This reconversion of atoms to Space and other fields also occurs in
the center of planets but at a slower rate. This slow process
results in the many elements in our periodic table.

Hydrogen molecules are two Hydrogen atoms connected together
like two bar magnets. There is no neutron in their intersection.

Helium has two neutrons in its intersection. Most intersections
between two atoms contain one neutron. In a large assembly of
atoms, it is possible for a Ray to hit this pinning neutron and
convert to Linear motion. The neutron moves out of the
intersection, and one says the larger element decayed.

Remember, everthing reconverts to Space eventually.

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE

"Electromagnetism is the force that causes the interaction between
electrically charged particles; the areas in which this happens are
called electromagnetic fields. Examples of this force include:
electricity, magnetism, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible
light, X-rays and gamma rays."

"Electromagnetism is responsible for practically all the phenomena
encountered in daily life, with the exception of gravity. Ordinary
matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between
individual molecules in matter. Electromagnetism is also the force
which holds electrons and protons together inside atoms, which are
the building blocks of molecules. This governs the processes
involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the
electrons inside and between atoms."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

"Electricity is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena
resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These
include many easily recognizable phenomena, such as lightning,
static electricity, and the flow of electrical current in an
electrical wire. In addition, electricity encompasses less
familiar concepts such as the electromagnetic field and
electromagnetic induction."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity

"Electric charge is a physical property of matter which causes
it to experience a force when near other electrically charged
matter. Electric charge comes in two types, called positive
and negative. Two positively charged substances, or objects,
experience a mutual repulsive force, as do two negatively
charged objects. Positively charged objects and negatively
charged objects experience an attractive force. The SI unit of
electric charge is the coulomb (C), although in electrical
engineering it is also common to use the ampere-hour (Ah).
The study of how charged substances interact is classical
electrodynamics, which is accurate insofar as quantum effects
can be ignored.

The electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some
subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic
interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and
produces, electromagnetic fields. The nteraction between a
moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the
electromagnetic force, which is one of the four fundamental
forces (See also: magnetic field)."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

In the AV model, Ray is a one dimensional field, and we live in
an ocean of Rays.

Ray is electricity. Ray moves along a wire from mass center to
mass center. At each each mass center, Ray first converts to
Magno and then some Rays convert to a perpendicular Ray. This
perpendicular Ray hits the surface of the wire and converts to
Space. In doing so, it creates a local disturbance on the
surface as the main Ray moves along the wire. This local
disturbance appears negative and is known as the flow of
electrons or current flow.

If the wire is already in a magnetic field, then part of the
Ray converts to Linear motion.

If one moves a wire through a magnetic field, Linear motion
converts to Ray.

LIGHT

"The electromagnetic spectrum (E-M) is the range of all possible
frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The "electromagnetic
spectrum" of an object is the characteristic distribution of
electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that
particular object.

The electromagnetic spectrum extends from low frequencies used
for modern radio to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength end,
covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a
fraction of the size of an atom. The long wavelength limit is
the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the
short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck
length, although in principle the spectrum is infinite and
continuous."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

"Light or visible light is the portion of electromagnetic
radiation that is visible to the human eye, responsible for the
sense of sight. Visible light has a wavelength in a range from
about 380 or 400 nanometres to about 760 or 780 nm,[1] with a
frequency range of about 405 THz to 790 THz. In physics, the
term light often comprises the adjacent radiation regions of
infrared (at lower frequencies) and ultraviolet (at higher),
not visible to the human eye."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light

"The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense,
central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged
electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively
charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in
the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no
neutrons). The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by
the electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain
bound to each other, forming a molecule. An atom containing an
equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral,
otherwise it has a positive charge (electron deficiency) or
negative charge (electron excess) and is an ion. An atom is
classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in
its nucleus: the number of protons determines the chemical
element, and the number of neutrons determines the isotope of
the element."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom

In the AV model, the concern is with the source of light as it
pertains to the three sizes of Shells: Large, Small, and
Smallest, or Atom, Neutron, and subNeutron. Light in this
article pertains to two spectrums.

ATOM

Questions
Imagine a standard model of a simple Hydrogen atom. There is
a neutron at the center and an electron in orbit. Remove the
neutron and ask where is the energy in Einstein's E=mcc? How
did this atom, electron and neutron
originate? Where will they end?

In the AV model, a Shell is a set of interlocking fields.
Imagine a small bar magnet and let it rotate so fast that the
North pole and South pole are at the same place. Let this bar
magnet rotate in all directions. Its surface looks like uncut
pile. When one touches something, one feels these piles and
not an electron in orbit. These Shells formed before the
Big Bang and will return to Space eventually.

In the AV Hydrogen atom, there is a small Shell inside a
normal Shell, i.e., a neutron inside an atom. The center of
this atom is where the incoming lines of Gravity convert to
expanding spheres of Space. Some incoming lines of Gravity
convert to Linear motion as mentioned above. It also
appears that a small amount of this incoming Gravity
converts to Ray. This Ray goes to surface of the atom and
converts to Space. Gravity converted to Ray during the
compression period before the Big Bang, and this appears
to be a carryover from that period.

As Ray converts to Space at the surface of the normal Shell,
it creates a local disturbance. As Ray rotates within the
atom, this disturbance also appears to rotate. This surface
disturbance is what one calls an electron.

The electron is negative because the viewer is outside the
atom, i.e., the Ray is on the other side. As this Ray passes
through the neutron, the viewer is on the same side as Ray.
In this case, the neutron has a positive disturbance and
is known as a proton.

NEUTRON

Let the neutron process its incoming Gravity in the same
manner as the atom. The difference is that the surface of
the neutron is not in contact with the local Space. It is
in the atom where there is a high density of other fields.
In this case, the Ray doesn't convert to Space, but it
converts to a point about which oscillate the fields of
Electro and Magno. This type of conversion also occurred
during the compression period.

Notice that there is no Linear motion associated with
this point. It is a point of light without any associated
mass. This photon rides outward on the expanding spheres
of Space like a surfer riding a wave into a beach. As it
moves into deep Space, it loses its energy and eventually
becomes a point in Space.

subNeutron

Now assume a subHydrogen atom. It has a subNeutron in a
neutron. Let this subNeutron process its incoming Gravity
in the same manner as the atom. The difference is that
the surface of the subneutron is in the neutron where
there is a very high density of other fields. In this
case, the Ray doesn't convert to a point of light in the
E-M spectrum. It converts to a point about which
oscillate the fields of Kone and Magno. This is the dark
light (D-L) spectrum. Our eyes did not evolve to see
this light so it appears black.

It is possible to have a neutron star that is large and
black. This is not a black hole. A black hole is a
collection of many subNeutrons which reconvert all
incoming materials to Space.

MAGNETIC FORCE

"Magnetism is a property of materials that respond at an atomic or
subatomic level to an applied magnetic field. For example, the
most well known form of magnetism is ferromagnetism such that
some ferromagnetic materials produce their own persistent
magnetic field. However, all materials are influenced to a greater
or lesser degree by the presence of a magnetic field. Some are
attracted to a magnetic field (paramagnetism); others are
repulsed by a magnetic field (diamagnetism); others have a much
more complex relationship with an applied magnetic field.
Substances that are negligibly affected by magnetic fields are
known as non-magnetic substances. They include copper,
aluminium, gases, and plastic."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetism

In the AV model, an iron atom is magnetized when incoming
horizontal opposing Rays meet at the center of the atom and
convert to a toroidal field. The lines of this field go up
and circle around to come in the bottom. As they enter the
bottom of the atom, they combine to form a vertical outgoing
Ray. In short, horizontal Rays convert to a vertical Ray and
the Magno field acts as a catalyst.

In the AV model, all fields convert from one form to another
form. For one field to convert to the same field, a third
and different field is needed to act as a catalyst. And, all
fields reconvert to Space eventually.

Given a bar magnet, the North Pole is the end with the
outgoing Ray. The toroidal field creates a funnel at each
end. These funnels guide incoming lines of Gravity into
the magnet. The amount is the same at both ends, so
the bar doesn't move.

Given two bar magnets, placing opposite ends together
collapses their funnels. The incoming lines of Gravity
convert to Linear motion and this moves the opposing
ends together. Placing like ends together widens
their funnels and allows more lines of Gravity to enter,
and the added Linear motion moves them apart.

To test which is the North end of a bar magnet, one needs
a radiometer. Place two bar magnets about three inches
apart and in a fixed position so they cannot move. Place
the radiometer between them with a black vane facing an
end pole. If it moves, the end pole is the North Pole.
Don't rely on a letter written on the pole.

FORCE OF GRAVITY

"Gravity, a non-contact force between two objects. The force exerted
on each body by the other through weight is proportional to the mass
of the first body times the mass of the second body divided by the
square of the distance between them. The direction of the force is
from the body acted on towards the body applying the force. A
human body's weight is a non-contact force exerted by the Earth
on their mass."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-contact_force

In the AV model, at the outer limit of Space during an expansion
period, Space converts to inward flowing radial lines of Gravity.
At a mass center, i.e., the center of a Shell, opposing lines of
Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space. Unopposed lines
of Gravity convert to Linear motion. This Linear motion moves
the mass center inward and usually in the direction of another
mass center. Here, there is just a conversion of one field to
another field. Force is a human concept.

ATOM_5_QUARKS

._In physics, a quark is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. There are several quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom, and several leptons: electron neutrino, muon, and tauon.

._In the AV model, there are no quarks or leptons. The difference lies in the basic definition of an atom. In physics, the atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. In the AV model, there are just Shells within Shells. The three sizes are: normal, small and smallest, or atom, neutron, and subneutron. Each Shell comprises fields spinning at the speed of light so as to become self-locking. For example, the north and south poles of the magnetic fields are at the same place at the same time.

._Let’s start by smashing two atoms together. In physics, this means smashing two nuclei at high speeds to produce the quarks. In the AV model, the two normal Shells hit and unSpin, i.e., explode. The first happening is the conversion to Space. Although the two nuclei are only the diameter of a Shell apart, there is a thick wall of Space between them. It is like turning a corner and walking into a fifty mph wind. The neutrons which were traveling towards each other at the same high speed now slow as they move through the thick Space. This Space moves outward like a shock wave and is not visible to an observer or any photograph of the explosion.

._Along with this explosion is the conversion of the two Shells to other fields. Gravity, for example, continues its inward progress to the available mass centers. Its only affect appears to be the pushing of the neutrons and subneutrons into other Shells. If they are the Shells which are emitting photons, they soon disappear.

._Ray is the next field of interest. It would fire at each of the mass centers and convert to another field. It would produce many photons that a photograph could detect and many others that would go undetected. It would also convert to Linear motion at each of these mass centers and move them away from the center of the explosion. This would certainly slow the neutrons in the nuclei so that they would not hit each other with enough force to cause them to unSpin. These opposing Linear motion fields would also probably convert to Ray. The neutrons that were originally in orbit about the center of mass of their atom would continue their motion toward the center of the explosion, miss all other neutrons, and move away in an arc. Ray is not visible, but it could pass through the mass centers and produce a magnetic field of short life which could be detected. Ray would also hit any photographic plate or detection device.

._The other undetected fields would be Kone, Electro, Spin and subneutrons. Fields producing the EM spectrum might be detected, but those producing the Dark Light (DL) spectrum would not.

._The subneutrons are a special case. They may or may not be in the neutrons or even inside the colliding Shells. Remember, a neutron inside a Hydrogen atom may in fact be a subHydrogen atom or a suboxygen atom. The combinations are endless. A free subneutron would act like a free neutron. It could also emit photons before it disappeared inside another Shell.

._In physics, the experimenter is probably looking at a photograph of the explosion and trying to imagine what happened. There would be no limit to his imagination or the creation of new pieces of matter. It would be like making predictions from the northern lights. In the AV model, there is the field of Space and ten other fields. They would allow many combinations, but one cannot add any new matter. Given a choice, one should side with Ockham's razor and go with the AV model.

ATOM_4_PARTICLES

The author mentions four elementary particles: the neutron, the proton, the electron, and the photon. In the AV model, the neutron is a small Shell. The proton is a neutron with what appears to have a positive charged disturbance on it. The electron is a disturbance on a normal Shell or atom and appears negative. The photon is a point about which the fields of Spin and Ray exist. Streams of photons produce the electromagnetic spectrum (EM). In physics, a baryon is a combination of two or more neutrons and protons. They lump together the electron and photon as leptons because they have little mass. In the AV model, they have no mass. The AV model restricts mass to the center of a Shell. This is not the case in physics. It seems for something to exist it must have a mass.

The author says the neutron is unstable. If all by itself, it would become a proton and an electron. In the AV model, a free neutron is the same as a normal Shell or atom only smaller. Gravity acts on it and moves it to another mass center. It can enter a normal Shell and become part of its nuclei. This may result in an electron and a proton, but the neutron is not an unstable particle.

The positron or anti-electron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. Positrons were discovered in 1932 by Carl D. anderson, who gave the positron its name. The positron was the first evidence of antimatter and was discovered by passing cosmic rays through a cloud chamber and a lead plate surrounded by a magnet to distinguish the particles by bending differently charged particles in different directions. This anti-electron led to anti-matter to an anti-universe.

There is no anti-matter in the AV model. The word ‘universe’ means one not two or more. So, what was Anderson looking at in his cloud chamber? To answer this question, it is first necessary to talk about electricity in a wire. When Ray moves though a wire, it moves from mass center to mass center. At each center, it converts to the Magno field and then back to Ray. The north pole of the magnetic field is in the direction Ray is moving. The magnetic field acts a catalyst. The same conversions happen in the cloud chamber. However, the cloud chamber is not uniform in its structure as a copper wire. The cloud chamber is full of water molecules plus Oxygen and Nitrogen. And as mentioned above, a water molecule can be of any configuration. One of which is a straight line configuration of Hydrogen-Oxygen-Hydrogen (HOH). Another configuration is a triangle where the two Hydrogen atoms touch each other.

The source of the cosmic rays in Anderson’s experiment is not important because we are interested in Ray which he never knew existed. So, in this first example, Ray moves in a straight line from center to center especially in the Oxygen atoms which have the most neutrons. As Ray moves, each water molecule becomes a small weak magnet pointing north in the direction of Ray. This causes it to move slightly to the south pole of the main magnet in the experiment. There is also a small conversion to photons of light so the experimenter can see the curved path of Ray.

In the second example, Ray moves in a straight line from center to center in the Hydrogen atoms. In each triangular water molecule, Ray also loops clockwise through the Oxygen atom on the right. This results in a magnetic south pole pointing in the direction Ray is traveling. This also causes it to move slightly to the north pole of the main magnet in the experiment.

The author also talks about protons and antiprotons where the antiprotons have a negative charge. In the AV model, this means the proton has a Ray leaving the neutron. The viewer is on the side of Ray which makes the disturbance appear positive. If the Ray is weak and only converts to Space, The viewer is on the bottom side of Ray which makes the disturbance appear negative.

As for the neutrino, the author mentions that Wolfgang Pauli suggested the existence of the neutrino and Enrico Fermi worked out a detailed theory of the neutrino production to save the conservation laws. In 1953 Clyde L. Cowan, Jr. and Frederick Reines sat up an experiment and detected the antineutrino. Their view of the neutrino was that it was uncharged, massless, and traveled at the speed of light. Today in physics, neutrinos have a minuscule, but nonzero mass and there are three types.

In the AV model, Ray has no mass. Actually, we live in a sea of Rays. Rays are of different lengths depending on their energy. As Ray moves into deep Space, the points which comprise a Ray fade into the points of the expanding Space.