OUR SUN

THREE SUN ELEMENTS

1..HYDROGEN..H__1.00794

SHELL

To visualize a Shell, think of a small bar magnet. Rotate this bar magnet
in the vertical plane at the speed of light. Now, rotate this bar magnet
in the horizontal plane at the speed of light. Now, reduce the length of
the bar magnet to zero. One now has a mass of one, i.e. m=1.

The energy in this Shell is given by Einstein’s equation, E=mcc. The
letter c represents the speed of light, and c squared pertains to the
rotational energy, i.e., Spin, in the vertical and horizontal planes.

At each North Pole, each line of Magno exits to loop around and
re-enter a nearby South Pole. These magnetic loops are tightly packed
next to each other and go in all directions.

During a compression period before a ‘Big Bang’, the process that creates
a Shell is the same for all three sizes. The small Shell or ‘Neutron’ is
created in a normal Shell. The smallest Shell (sub-Neutron) is created in
a small Shell. Shells are very small and not much bigger than points.

At one time, people believed our planet was flat. Now they think in a
straight line. Such is not the case, Our physical universe cycles from one
Big Bang to the next. All Shells including Hydrogen atoms are created
during the compression period before a Big Bang. Hydrogen comprises a small
Shell inside a Normal Shell. Sub-Hydrogen comprises a smallest Shell, i.e.,
sug-Neutron, inside a small Shell, i.e., Neutron.

ATOMIC WEIGHT

When the centers of Shells co-exist, they count as one. When their centers
are offset, they count as two. Thus the average atomic weight of Hydrogen
is 1.00794, which indicates the centers are mostly co-existing.

For an atomic weight, the whole number indicates the number of involved
Neutrons. The fraction indicates the degree of co-location between the
center of a Neutron and its normal Shell center.

In a star (our sun) Gravity compresses the Hydrogen atoms to the state
where they cannot move. At this point, a Hydrogen atom unSpins and
reconverts to Space and other fields. The explosion forces Neutrons into
other normal Shells, i.e., atoms. The involved fields are: Space, Gravity,
Ray, Kone, Electro, Magno, Spin, Shell, and Linear-motion. There are three
sizes of Shells: Normal, Small, and Smallest, or Atom, Neutron, and
sub-Neutron.

1..DEUTERIUM..D__2.0141

Deuterium is an isotope of Hydrogen. Deuterium is a Hydrogen atom with
an orbiting Neutron. It is illogical to say this second Neutron lies dormant
in the center with all of the energy available to move it. There are no
protons or electrons per se. The atomic number (1) is the above left number.
Hydrogen is in a periodic table. Deuterium is not in the periodic table.

2..HELIUM..He__4.002802

A Helium atom comprises two deuterium atoms pressed together so that their
orbiting neutrons cease to orbit and remain in their intersection. It takes
energy to remove them.

SOLAR WIND

A star converts many Hydrogen atoms to Space and other fields. Some Hydrogen
atoms capture Neutrons to make Deuterium. However, many Neutrons are blown
out of the sun by these nuclear explosions. Gravity eventually stops their
outward motion, and most Neutrons orbit the sun and eventually fall back
into the sun. Some Neutrons fall toward planets. The mass of a Neutron is
no different than the mass of a planet, i.e., mass is mass.

GRAVITY

Look at the Hydrogen atom in a book. Remove the Neutron and assume an
electron in orbit. Where is the energy in E=mcc????
..Return the Neutron to the center. Where or what in an atom gives it the
power to create a field of gravity that reaches across the universe and
attracts another atom????
..Assume a vast reaching gravity field for an atom. Convert the atom to
energy. What happens to the gravity field? If it vanishes, then it does so
faster than light. If it doesn’t, then one has a gravity field with no
associated mass??
..Look at a sheet of polar graph paper. The radial lines represent the
incoming lines of Gravity. The circles represent the outgoing expanding
spheres of Space.
..Up to now, our scientific community has ignored Space, Kone, Ray, and
the smallest Shell, i.e., sub-Neutron. And, all of them have the wrong
idea about the field of Gravity. There is no action at a distance or
space-time warp.

ELECTRON-EM-DL

In the AV model, part of the incoming energy converts to Ray at a Shell’s
center. Ray is one dimensional. Ray moves from the center of a normal Shell
to its surface and converts to Space. This conversion creates a local
disturbance we call an Electron. As Ray rotates inside a Shell, so does
the electron. Humans are on the outside of a Shell and the electron appears
negative. Ray also passes through the Neutron at its Shell’s center and
creates a local disturbance. This local disturbance appears positive to
humans because we are on the same side as Ray. A proton is a neutron with
a positive charge.
..The same process in a Neutron within an atom produces a stream of
electro-magnetic energy at the surface of the Neutron. This EM energy rides
outward on the expanding spheres of Space. A photon pertains to a single
point of EM energy or a short quanta. A photon has no mass.
..The same process in a sub-Neutron within a Neutron produces a stream of
Kone-Magno energy, known as dark light (D-L), at the surface of the
sub-Neutron. Our eyes did not evolve to detect this D-L energy.

SUN SPOTS

Sun spots are acres of sub-Hydrogen elements on the surface of the sun.
Rays and EM radiation coming from inside the sun convert to DL by these
elements. Larger collections of such sub-elements produce black holes.

ATOMIC NUMBER

The atomic number (1 for Hydrogen) is also the proton number. For Deuterium,
the atomic number is also 1. The orbiting Neutron is independent of the
rotating Ray. The atomic number is 2 for Helium. Ray does not pass through
the pinned Neutrons. The mass number is the number of centers in an atom,
i.e., normal Shell.

PLANETS

The sun can produce other elements, but the concern here is with those
produced in a planet. In the turmoil within the sun, Gravity forces all
Shells into the center. However, the smaller Hydrogen atoms work their way
under the Helium atoms thus pushing them outwards. Some of the free Neutrons
and sub-Neutrons collect together, form their own local center of gravity,
and cause their own nuclear explosions sending large sets of matter into
space to form planets. Accretion does not form planets. The center of a
planet is like the center of a star, i.e., the force of gravity is still
at work, but the conversion process is smaller and slower.

SOLAR STORMS

The nuclear explosions that produce the planets continue as the Neutrons and
sub-Neutrons move deeper into the sun. They have their own magnetic fields
and expend most of their energies in getting their local mass to the surface.
The result is a large plume that erupts like a volcano.

ORBITS

..Moons orbit planets and rotate about their own axis.
..Planets orbit suns and rotate about their own axis.
..Our sun orbits our galaxy which rotates about its own axis.
''Galaxies orbit the center of our universe and rotate about their own axis.

Now think about a normal Shell. It is part of these rotations. Now go
inside a normal Shell.
..Neutrons are in orbit and rotate about their own axis. Go inside again.
..Sub-Neutrons are in orbit and rotate about their own axis.
Looking into space gives one a model for looking into an atom.
Again, mass is mass.

AN END

While the above nuclear actions are going on, Gravity will continue to move
the free Neutrons and sub-Neutrons toward the center of the Sun. When they
arrive in enough quantity, there will be a large explosion known as a super
nova. Trillions of people living on the Earth will cease to be. This is
not a disaster. The illogical Beings will awake in ‘The Universe’. If they
have not learned to reason logically, they will reenter another or the same
school for another try.

This ends the discussion of elements in the sun.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Some background information is needed to understand this principle by Werner Heisenberg.

Magnetic Bar
Imagine a small iron bar. As opposing Rays hit the atoms, they convert to Magno. The lines of Magno leave one end of the bar and circle around to enter the other end of the bar. We call this field a magnetic field. The incoming magnetic lines combine into a perpendicular Ray, this new Ray leaves the bar at the other end. In the AV model, we call this exit end the North pole, and the other incoming end is the South pole. The magnetic field acts as a catalyst so incoming opposing Rays can convert to a perpendicular outgoing Ray.

Test for Ray
Firmly set two bar magnets about two inches off a flat surface. Arrange the opposing poles about three inches apart. Now slowly slide a radiometer between the opposing poles so that the vanes on one side of the vertical pivot pole are between the magnetic poles and watch it turn.
If the vanes do not turn, slide the radiometer in from the other side. Rays leave the North pole and heads for the South pole. When Rays hit the black vanes, they will convert to Linear motion and cause them to rotate.

Shells
There are three sizes of Shells known as: Atom, Neutron, and subNeutron. They are the same except for their sizes.

Atoms
Imagine a small magnetic bar. Let it rotate in a vertical plane at the speed of light. Magnetic lines leaving the North pole loop back to South pole. These loops are like piles in a carpet. Now rotate the bar in a horizontal plane at the speed of light. Now reduce the length of the bar to zero so that nothing but the piles remain. This is a mass of one and is known as an atom. The piles form a near continuous surface which in the AV model is a Shell. The perpendicular rotations at the speed of light represent the c squared in Einstein's equation,
E = mcc.

Neutrons
During a compression period of our cyclic school, i.e., physical universe, a similar type spinning produces an atom. The early atoms soon reconvert to Space, but eventually some begin to endure. When this happens, the process repeats itself inside these atoms to produce neutrons. There is one neutron per atom, and we call them Hydrogen atoms.

SubNeutrons
When a Hydrogen atom reconverts to Space during a compression period, the neutron becomes free. When this happens, the process repeats itself inside the neutron to produce a subNeutron. We could call this unit a subHydrogen atom.

Free Units
It is possible to have Shells with no inner Shells. For example, a subHydrogen neutron reconverts to Space leaving the subNeutron free. A black hole is a large collection of subNeutrons. They assure that everything will reconvert to Space eventually.

Electron
At a mass center during an expansion period, incoming, opposing radial lines of Gravity convert to expanding spheres of Space. Unopposed incoming radial lines of Gravity convert to Linear motion. In addition, there is a small conversion to Ray. Ray moves from the center to the surface and reconverts to Space. This creates a local disturbance on the surface. As Ray rotates within the atom, the local disturbance also rotates. It appears to orbit the center, and we call it an electron. The electron appears negative because Ray is on the other side.

Light E-M
Repeat this process for a neutron inside and atom. In this case, the Ray does not convert to Space because of the high density of fields that define the atom. Ray converts to a point about which oscillates the fields of Electro and Magno, i.e., the electromagnetic field. We call this point a photon. It has no mass. Gravity cannot affect it. The photon moves outward an expanding sphere of Space like a surfer riding a wave. The unopposed incoming lines of Gravity convert to Spin.
Part of this Spin causes the neutron to obit in the atom. Part of this Spin rotates the Ray within the neutron. There may be more than one rotating Ray. Looking at the neutron, the light, or stream of photons, appears to be an expanding in a spiral.
The amount of energy in a photon depends on the amount of incoming energy or fields. The release of a single photon in a given direction is rare.

Light D-L
Repeat this process for a subneutron inside a neutron. In this case, Ray converts to a point about which oscillates the fields of Kone and Magno. Our eyes did not evolve to detect this light so we call it Dark-Light. There are dark-light suns and planets. Sun spots are an example of dark-light.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The position and momentum of a particle cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrarily high precision.

Now consider an atom surrounded by other atoms. This atom of interest is generating expanding spheres of Space and is surrounded by similar Space generating atoms. In addition, it is in a sea of Rays and magnetic fields, some of which attract and some repel. Unopposed lines of incoming Gravity are also trying to move the atom. To measure a position, one needs a steady permanent point of reference, and there are none.

Momentum equals mass times velocity. Mass pertains to the number of Shell centers in an object. For example, a Hydrogen atom normally has two centers, but when co-located at the center, they count as one. On average, they count as 1.00797 which is its atomic weight. But for any given Hydrogen atom, there could be zero or more subneutrons. In addition, Ray can hit the center of the atom from any direction and change its velocity. Unopposed lines of incoming Gravity are also trying to move the atom.

ELECTROSTATIC CHARGES

In the AV model, there are no electrostatic charges.
To understand this, let's review the Hydrogen atom.
At its center, incoming opposing lines of Gravity
convert to expanding spheres of Space. Unopposed
lines of incoming Gravity convert to Linear motion.

As a carryover from the compression period, some
of the Gravity converts to Ray. This Ray goes to the
survace and converts to Space. This conversion
creates a disturbance on the surface of the Shell.
As Ray rotates, this disturbance orbits the center
of the Shell. A viewer on the outside sees this
disturbance and calls it an electron. It is given a
negative value because the viewer is on the other
side of Ray. Likewise, the neutron in the center is
given a positive value because the viewer is on the
same side as Ray.

In the AV model, everything is now converting to
Space. This is a slow process because Space is
also converting to Gravity, and some Gravity is still
converting to Space. As the number of mass
centers decrease, the amount of new Space being
created diminishes. In general, everything attempts
to maintain a steady state.

Let's now look at an atom with four neutrons in orbit
about its center. In its stable state, Ray goes to the
surface and converts to Space.

Now add energy to this system. As Ray enters, it
converts to Spin and the neutrons orbit faster. To
return to its stable state, these neutrons slowly
convert their extra Spin to Rays. These Rays go to
the surface and convert to Space. These Rays also
create a disturbance on the surface of the Shell.
Again, the observer is on the opposite side of these
Rays and the disturbances appear negative. One
says the Shell has a negative electrostatic charge.

Now consider the case where the four neutrons
are at the center of the atom or normal Shell. In this
case, Rays enter the Shell, but they still create
local disturbances on the surface of the Shell.
As more Rays enter, the neutrons begin to orbit
the center and return to their normal state. Before
this, however, the surface appears to have a
positive electrostatic charge.

It is said that opposite charges attract each other
while like charges repel each other. To test this
repel belief, one needs to remove one of the gold
leaves fron an electroscope and touch it with a
charged rod. The leaf should not move.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroscope

ANTIMATER

What is antimatter?

We know that matter comprises what physicists
call particles: electrons, protons and neutrons.
If one sticks an 'anti-' in front of each of these
particles, then one has antimatter. But, does
antimater exist?

In the AV model, our physical universe is a
school, and its purpose is to teach us how
to reason logically. This school cycles from
one Big Bang to the next. So, does it make
sense to include antimatter which will hasten
the cyclic process? It is like building a large
school and setting one part on fire!

In the AV model, there is no electron per se.
However, there are the folloing fields which
no scientist talks about: Space, Kone, Ray,
subNeutron, plus Gravity is going in the wrong
direction. So, since pieces are missing, antimatter
may be just an idea to explain the unexplainable.

For example, assume a set of subNeutrons in a
small verticle circle with a Hydrogen atom on each
side. Gravity pushes the Neutrons in the two atoms
toward the circle's center. Gravity also pushes the
two centers of the atoms toward the circle's center.

While this is happening, the fields of the two atoms
or normal shells keep spinning between the
Neutrons and subNeutrons. Assume they are both
spinning clockwise. This means they are spinning
in opposite directions at the circle's center. If the
pressure is too great and the fields cannot spin,
then they will unSpin and convert the two normal
Shells to Space and other fields.

However, since the scientist is not looking for
a subNeutron, the scientist will not see it, and
antimatter becomes a good guess.

THERMODYNAMICS

First law of thermodynamics

In any process, the total energy of the universe remains the same.
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can only change forms.

In my articles, there is the field of Space and ten other fields. These ten
fields I call energy fields. However, energy is not a property of our physical
universe. Energy is the capacity to do work. Work is the ability to transfer
one field to another field. The common view involves moving a mass from
one point to another point or converting the mass to other fields, e = m cc.

As I have defined my physical universe, it is a self contained set of
interacting ideas. It starts as an ideal of a position, a point. Adding more
spheres of points produces our Space field, which contracts to a Big Bang.
Our physical universe cycles from one Big Bang to the next. As such,
nothing enters or leaves this universe. It is self contained, so the total
energy remains the same.

Second law of thermodynamics

The entropy of an isolated system not in equilibrium will tend to increase
over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

For a closed thermodynamic system, entropy is a quantitative measure
of the amount of thermal energy not available to do work. Also, it is a
measure of the disorder or randomness in a closed system.

This says Space is expanding and everything else is reconverting to Space.
When Space reaches its limit, it will start a contraction period toward another
Big Bang.

Note: Viewed from The Universe, which is nonphysical, our physical universe
has a physical size of zero all of the time.

Third law of thermodynamics

As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system
approaches a constant minimum.

This defines the conditions for the start of another contraction of our
physical universe as it cycles from one Big Bang to the next.

STRONG FORCE

"The strong interaction is observable in two areas: On the larger
scale, it is the force that binds protons and neutrons together to
form the nucleus of an atom. On the smaller scale, it is also the
force that holds quarks and gluons together to form the proton,
the neutron and other particles."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

Strong nuclear force: Unlike Gravity and electromagnetism, the
strong nuclear force is a short distance force that takes place
between fundamental particles within a nucleus. It is charge
independent and acts equally between a proton and a proton, a
neutron and a neutron, and a proton and a neutron.

The strong nuclear force is the strongest force in nature;
however, its range is small (acting only over distances of the
order of 10-15 m) In the AV model, there is no strong force.
The protons and neutrons are not bound together.

In an atom, neutrons absorb energy and convert this energy to
Spin or orbital energy. Just before the Big Bang, the atoms,
neutrons, and subneutrons were all rotating at an enormous rate.
There is nothing in the AV model to stop this rotation.

The physical universe cycles from one Big Bang to the next. The
galaxies cycle around the center of the universe. Planets circle a
sun. Why bind neutrons together in an atom?

It appears scientists may have Gravity going the wrong way. They
know nothing a the fields of Space, Kone, Ray and subNeutron. They
may not know how new elements are made by the pinning together of
atoms nor about subelements. So, what they say about particle
physics is beyond the AV model.

WEAK FORCE

Weak nuclear force: The weak nuclear force appears only in
certain nuclear processes like ß decay of a nucleus, in which
the nucleus emits a ß particle and an uncharged particle
called a neutrino. Both the strong and weak forces form
an important part of quantum mechanics.

"Most of the radionuclides used in a biomedical research
environment are beta emitters. Beta particles are high energy
electrons, either negatively or positively charged, that are
emitted from an unstable nucleus. A positively charged beta
is usually referred to as a positron and a negatively charged
beta can be referred to as a negatron."
http://muldoonshealthphysicspage.com/beta_particle_radiation.htm

"A neutrino (Italian pronunciation: [neu'tri?no], meaning
"small neutral one"; English pronunciation: /nju?'tri?no?/) is
an elementary particle that usually travels close to the speed
of light, is electrically neutral, and is able to pass
through ordinary matter almost unaffected. This makes neutrinos
extremely difficult to detect. Neutrinos have a very small, but
nonzero mass. They are denoted by the Greek letter ? (nu)."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

"The energy of the sun, all-important for life on earth, is
produced when hydrogen fuses or burns into helium in a chain
of nuclear reactions occurring in the interior of the sun.
The first reaction in this chain, the transformation of
hydrogen into heavy hydrogen (deuterium), is caused by the
weak force. Without this force solar energy production would
not be possible"
http://www-project.slac.stanford.edu/e158/weakforce.html

It is responsible for the radioactive decay of subatomic
particles and begins the process known as nuclear fusion.

The weak force causes the atom to break up into smaller
atoms and particles releasing electromagnetic energy.
Some of the atom's mass has been transformed into energy.
://emandpplabs.nscee.edu/cool/temporary/doors/forces/weakforce/weakforce.htm

In the AV model, there is no weak force, Beta radiation,
or neutrino.

In the sun, Gravity forces Hydrogen atoms deep into the center
of the sun. An atom is a normal Shell. The locked fields in an
atom are spinning at a fast rate. When the pressure is so great
that they cannot Spin, they unSpin. These fields reconvert to
Space, light, and Ray. We sense Ray as heat. Ray is probably the
neutrino.

The neutron that was in such a Hydrogen atom is forced into another
Hydrogen atom, and it becomes Deuterium or heavy Hydrogen. When two
Deuterium atoms are pressed together, they become Helium. Helium
works its way away from the center of the sun as Hydrogen atoms
work their way to the center under the influence of Gravity.

This reconversion of atoms to Space and other fields also occurs in
the center of planets but at a slower rate. This slow process
results in the many elements in our periodic table.

Hydrogen molecules are two Hydrogen atoms connected together
like two bar magnets. There is no neutron in their intersection.

Helium has two neutrons in its intersection. Most intersections
between two atoms contain one neutron. In a large assembly of
atoms, it is possible for a Ray to hit this pinning neutron and
convert to Linear motion. The neutron moves out of the
intersection, and one says the larger element decayed.

Remember, everthing reconverts to Space eventually.